TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population across plasma aldosterone concentration tertile
| PAC tertile (ng/dl) | ||||
| Characteristics | T1 (n = 677) ≤12.16 | T2 (n = 677) 12.17–17.16 | T3 (n = 679) ≥ 17.17 | P |
| Age (years) | 56.8 ± 11.2 | 55.9 ± 10.7 | 53.9 ± 11.1 | < 0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 310 (45.8) | 299 (44.2) | 275 (40.5) | 0.132 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 3.8 | 28.3 ± 4.0 | 28.2 ± 3.9 | 0.079 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Han | 385 (56.9) | 414 (61.2) | 416 (61.3) | 0.164 |
| Uyghur | 200 (29.5) | 170 (25.1) | 162 (23.8) | |
| Others | 92 (13.6) | 93 (13.7) | 101 (14.9) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Married | 650 (96.0) | 656 (96.9) | 660 (97.2) | 0.444 |
| Single/separated | 27 (4.0) | 21 (3.1) | 19 (2.8) | |
| Duration of HTN (year) | 5 (2–11) | 7 (2–13) | 8 (3–13) | 0.007 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 146.7 ± 21.0 | 147.7 ± 20.2 | 151.1 ± 22.2 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 86.3 ± 14.5 | 86.8 ± 13.8 | 90.6 ± 15.7 | < 0.001 |
| AGM types, n (%) | ||||
| Impaired fasting glucose | 70 (10.3) | 89 (13.1) | 78 (11.5) | 0.577 |
| Impaired glucose tolerance | 208 (30.7) | 197 (29.1) | 210 (30.9) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 399 (58.9) | 391 (57.8) | 391 (57.6) | |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 6.4 ± 2.5 | 6.2 ± 2.1 | 6.0 ± 2.2 | 0.020 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 197 (29.1) | 183 (27.0) | 212 (31.2) | 0.236 |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%) | 172 (25.4) | 181 (26.7) | 186 (27.4) | 0.700 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.34 ± 1.04 | 4.49 ± 1.23 | 4.48 ± 1.03 | 0.030 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 2.06 ± 2.00 | 2.24 ± 2.12 | 2.15 ± 1.68 | 0.207 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 0.97 ± 0.22 | 0.98 ± 0.25 | 0.97 ± 0.24 | 0.563 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.57 ± 0.84 | 2.63 ± 0.85 | 2.67 ± 0.89 | 0.119 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/l) | 5.13 ± 1.46 | 5.20 ± 1.40 | 4.99 ± 1.33 | 0.015 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 317.2 ± 87.2 | 338.7 ± 80.7 | 340.8 ± 85.9 | < 0.001 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/l) | 3.69 ± 0.28 | 3.69 ± 0.26 | 3.66 ± 0.31 | 0.114 |
| Serum creatinine (mmol/l) | 64.6 ± 15.4 | 65.8 ± 15.3 | 67.8 ± 16.2 | 0.001 |
| Baseline eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 120.5 ± 31.3 | 118.2 ± 30.1 | 115.8 ± 28.4 | 0.017 |
| PAC (ng/dl) | 11.0 (8.3–11.6) | 13.6 (12.9–15.3) | 22.8 (19.8–27.5) | < 0.001 |
| PRA (ng/mL per h) | 1.0 (0.4–2.1) | 1.2 (0.5–2.5) | 2.0 (0.8–3.2) | < 0.001 |
| ARR | 9.7 (4.7–22.5) | 11.1 (5.6–27.1) | 12.5 (7.4–29.1) | < 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive agents | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 393 (58.1) | 389 (57.5) | 393 (57.9) | 0.975 |
| CCB | 544 (80.4) | 554 (81.8) | 579 (85.3) | 0.050 |
| Beta-blocker | 155 (22.9) | 147 (21.7) | 141 (20.8) | 0.636 |
| Diuretics | 205 (30.3) | 229 (33.8) | 282 (41.5) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation or number (percentage) unless otherwise noted. ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; AGM, abnormal glucose metabolism; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; ARR, aldosterone to renin activity ratio; CCB, calcium channel blockers; DRF, decreased renal function; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN, hypertension; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PAC, plasma aldosterone concentration; PRA, plasma renin activity.