Table 1.
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics
| All patients (n = 9497) | |
| Age, median [IQR], years | 83.0 [81.0 to 86.0] |
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 84.3 ± 3.8 |
| Sex, No. (%) | |
| Male | 4485 (47.2) |
| Female | 5012 (52.8) |
| Current smokera, No. (%) | 540 (5.7) |
| Heighta, median [IQR], cm | 165.0 [158.0 to 170.0] |
| Heighta, mean ± SD, cm | 164.6 ± 9.2 |
| Weighta, median [IQR], kg | 70.0 [60.0 to 80.0] |
| Weighta, mean ± SD, kg | 70.4 ± 13.5 |
| ASA categorya, median [IQR] | 3.0 [2.0 to 3.0] |
| ASA categorya, No. (%) | |
| 1 | 170 (1.8) |
| 2 | 3499 (36.9) |
| 3 | 5106 (53.8) |
| 4 | 692 (7.3) |
| 5 | 23 (0.2) |
| Comorbidity, No. (%) | |
| Hypertension requiring medicationa | 7090 (74.7) |
| Cardiac rhythm disorder | 3000 (31.6) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 2464 (26.0) |
| Cancer | 2271 (23.9) |
| Chronic heart failure or cardiomyopathy | 2109 (22.2) |
| Diabetes | 1947 (20.5) |
| Chronic renal failure | 1673 (17.6) |
| Other cognitive complaints | 1322 (13.9) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1246 (13.1) |
| Mild cognitive impairment | 1077 (11.3) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1056 (11.1) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 961 (10.1) |
| Dementia | 756 (8.0) |
| Chronic respiratory failure | 390 (4.1) |
| Hemiplegia | 231 (2.4) |
| Chronic alcohol abuse | 143 (1.5) |
| Transplanted organ(s) | 12 (0.1) |
| Multimorbidityb, No. (%) | 7334 (77.2) |
| Frailtyc, No. (%) | 1336 (14.1) |
| History of falls during the last 6 monthsa,d, No. (%) | |
| None | 6426 (68.3) |
| Once | 1805 (19.2) |
| More than once | 1181 (12.6) |
| Unintentional weight loss of ≥4.5 kg in the last yeara, No. (%) | 1714 (18.3) |
| Mini-Cog (complete test)a,d,e | |
| Total score, median [IQR] | 3.0 [1.0 to 5.0] |
| 0 points (profound cognitive dysfunction), No. (%) | 1392 (15.4) |
| ≤3 points, (cognitive impairment)15 No. (%) | 5393 (59.6) |
| 5 points, (normal cognition), No. (%) | 2303 (25.4) |
| Mini to Cog (recall of three words)a,d,e | |
| Total score, median [IQR] | 2.0 [1.0 to 3.0] |
| Mini to Cog (clock draw points)a,e | |
| Total score, median [IQR] | 0 [0.0 to 2.0] |
| Functional statusa | |
| Independent, No. (%) | 5845 (61.6) |
| Partially dependent, No. (%) | 2903 (30.6) |
| Totally dependent, No. (%) | 743 (7.8) |
| Limited mobility according to the TUG testa,f, No. (%) | 6461 (77.2) |
| Referring facilitya | |
| Home, No. (%) | 8220 (86.6) |
| Nursing home, No. (%) | 670 (7.1) |
| Other Hospital, No. (%) | 184 (1.9) |
| Other, No. (%) | 360 (3.8) |
| Rehabilitation facility, No. (%) | 60 (0.6) |
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; TUG, Timed Up and Go test.
Missing data: Current smoker, n = 14; height, n = 146; weight, n = 97; ASA category, n = 7; history of falls, n = 85; unintentional weight loss, n = 104; Mini-Cog (complete test), n = 443; Mini-Cog (recall), n = 373; Mini-Cog (clock drawing), n = 442; functional status, n = 6; limited mobility (TUG), n = 1125; referring facility, n = 3; hypertension, n = 1.
Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of at least two of the assessed comorbidities.
Frailty was classified as present, if at least four of the following six markers were present: Mini-Cog total score of ≤3 points; albumin level of ≤33 g l−1; >1 fall in the last 6 months; haematocrit level of <35%; pre-operative functional status is partially dependent or totally dependent; and ≥3 comorbidities present (according to Robinson et al.15 and Oresanya et al.17).
Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.
Mini-Cog screening tool to detect cognitive impairment or dementia: 0 = profound cognitive dysfunction, ≤3 = cognitive impairment according to Robinson et al., 5 = normal cognition.
Limited mobility was defined as Timed Up and Go test performed in >12 s.