TABLE 1.
Baseline and demographic parameters in severe and nonsevere COVID-19 patients
| Total (n = 188) | Non-Severe (n = 128) | Severe (n = 60) | P | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 132 | 90 (70.3) | 42 (70.0) | 0.97 |
| Female | 56 | 38 (29.7) | 18 (30.0) | |
| Age (years) | 61.5 (15.9) | 59.0 (15.3) | 66.9 (15.9) | 0.01 |
| Length (cm) (n = 71/47) | 172.5 (9.7) | 172.4 (9.3) | 172.7 (10.3) | 0.90 |
| Weight (kg) (n = 87/48) | 86.6 (21.3) | 87.3 (20.7) | 85.2 (22.7) | 0.59 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (n = 65/44) | 29.2 (6.7) | 29.3 (6.1) | 29.2 (7.5) | 0.93 |
| Ethnic background, n (%) | 0.28 | |||
| Caucasian/White | 77 | 48 (37.5) | 29 (48.3) | 0.16 |
| African/Black | 7 | 4 (3.1) | 3 (5.0) | 0.68 |
| Turkish/Moroccan | 55 | 42 (32.8) | 13 (21.7) | 0.12 |
| Surinamese/Antillean | 34 | 21 (16.4) | 13 (21.7) | 0.38 |
| Other | 15 | 13 (10.1) | 2 (3.3) | 0.15 |
| Clinical manifestations at admission | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 38.1 (0.9) | 38.1 (0.9) | 38.1 (1.0) | 0.54 |
| Respiratory rate (n/min) | 25.6 (7.0) | 24.6 (6.0) | 28.0 (8.4) | 0.002 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 140 (24) | 140 (24) | 139 (25) | 0.73 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 (17) | 82 (17) | 78 (17) | 0.15 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 93.6 (4.4) | 94.3 (3.2) | 92 0.1 (6.1) | 0.002 |
| Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (kPa, n = 113/55) | 8.9 (8.0–9.9) | 8.8 (8.0–9.8) | 9.2 (7.8–11) | 0.24 |
| Oxygen supplementation, n (%) | 83 | 52 (40.6) | 31 (52.5) | 0.24 |
| Laboratory parameters at admission | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/l) | 8.3 (1.2) | 8.4 (1.1) | 8.2 (1.3) | 0.41 |
| Haematocrit (%) | 0.39 (0.05) | 0.40 (0.05) | 0.39 (0.06) | 0.41 |
| White blood cells (x109/l) | 7.0 (5.0–9.2) | 6.9 (4.7–8.7) | 7.5 (5.4–10.9) | 0.06 |
| Lymphocytes (x109/l) (n = 121/40) | 1.0 (0.72–1.4) | 1.1 (0.75–1.5) | 0.87 (0.68–1.1) | 0.03 |
| Neutrophils (x109/l) (n = 121/40) | 4.9 (3.2–6.8) | 4.8 (3.1–6.6) | 5.3 (3.4–7.3) | 0.18 |
| Ferritin (μg/l) (n = 115/37) | 590 (286–1237) | 592 (273–1228) | 552 (326 -1325) | 0.50 |
| ALT (U/l) (n = 127/52) | 31 (21–48) | 32 (22–46) | 31 (21–56) | 0.75 |
| AST (U/l) (n = 120/47) | 45 (32–62) | 42 (31–60) | 52 (40–75) | 0.02 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 80 (63–100) | 77 (65–98) | 90 (60–114) | 0.20 |
| Creatine kinase (U/l) | 135 (80–228) | 135 (82–198) | 144 (65–315) | 0.71 |
| LDH (U/l) (n = 118/53) | 347 (262–449) | 328 (252–405) | 429 (311–543) | 0.000 |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 135 (4.3) | 134 (4.1) | 135 (4.7) | 0.15 |
| Potassium (mmol/l) (n = 126/57) | 3.9 (0.46) | 3.9 (0.41) | 4.0 (0.54) | 0.15 |
| D-dimer (mg/l) (n = 119/35) | 0.35 (0.24–0.71) | 0.31 (0.22–0.54) | 0.72 (0.31–1.55) | 0.000 |
| Platelet count (x109/l) | 210 (162–267) | 207 (63–273) | 211 (159–256) | 0.62 |
| NT-proBNP (pmol/l) (n = 113/38) | 103 (34–422) | 88 (28.5–219) | 238 (62–1206) | 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 74 (41–134) | 67 (35–109) | 102 (52–196) | 0.001 |
| sACE2 (ng/ml) (n = 124/59) | 0.50 (0.50–4.2) | 0.50 (0.50–1.2) | 2.47 (0.50–9.3) | 0.000 |
| Renin (pg/ml) (n = 124/59) | 28.8 (12.3–59.7) | 23.1 (11.6–45.6) | 42.7 (14.4–67.1) | 0.02 |
| Aldosterone (pg/ml) (n = 124/59) | 127 (75–233) | 137 (87–238) | 107 (41–213) | 0.003 |
| Aldosterone/Renin ratio (n = 124/59) | 5.9 (2.2–11.3) | 7.6 (3.7–12.6) | 2.3 (0.8–9.0) | 0.000 |
| Cycle time (Ct)-values of PCR (n = 76/48) | 24.6 (20.9–28.3) | 25.1 (21.3–28.0) | 23.3 (19.4–29.0) | 0.56 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Chronic heart disease | 39 | 23 (18.1) | 16 (26.7) | 0.18 |
| Hypertension | 63 | 38 (29.7) | 25 (41.7) | 0.11 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 58 | 33 (25.8) | 25 (41.8) | 0.06 |
| COPD | 21 | 14 (10.9) | 7 (11.7) | 0.88 |
| Asthma | 17 | 13 (10.2) | 4 (6.7) | 0.64 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 16 | 9 (7.0) | 7 (11.7) | 0.46 |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| Steroid | 15 | 8 (6) | 7 (12) | 0.20 |
| Diuretic | 33 | 22 (17) | 11 (18) | 0.85 |
| ACE inhibitor | 25 | 14 (10.9) | 11 (18.3) | 0.16 |
| ARB | 26 | 17 (13.3) | 9 (15) | 0.75 |
| Metformin | 46 | 26 (20.3) | 20 (33.3) | 0.05 |
| Other antidiabetic drugs | 17 | 8 (6.3) | 9 (15) | 0.05 |
| Insulin | 18 | 8 (6.3) | 10 (16.7) | 0.02 |
| Polymorphisms | ||||
| TMPRSS2 rs2070788 (n = 114/55) | ||||
| AA | 56 | 43 (37.7%) | 13 (23.6%) | |
| AG/GG | 113 | 71 (62.3%) | 42 (76.4%) | 0.07 |
| TMPRSS2 rs8134378 (n = 113/54) | ||||
| GG | 130 | 84 (74.3%) | 46 (85.2%) | |
| AA/AG | 37 | 29 (25.7%) | 8 (14.8%) | 0.11 |
| ACE2 rs12551879 (n = 114/55) | ||||
| TT | 142 | 98 (86.0%) | 44 (80.0%) | |
| CT/CC | 27 | 16 (14.0%) | 11 (20.0%) | 0.32 |
Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range). In case parameters were not determined in all patients, the correct numbers are provided in the left column.
A, adenine; ALT, alanine-aminotransferase; ARB, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker; AST, aspartate transaminase; C, cytosine; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; G, guanine; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; sACE2, soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; T, thymine; TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease, serine 2. The statistical differences between the severe and nonsevere COVID-19 were calculated using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test (for continuous variables), chi-square and Fisher's exact test (for categorical variables).