Fig 3. Fitting dipole orientation with astigmatism.

We fitted the lateral position (x, y), defocus d and dipole orientation in the presence of astigmatism. In panel (a) we fitted both the inclination and azimuthal angle (θ, ϕ). In panel (b) we assumed the azimuthal angle ϕ to be known and fitted the inclination angle θ only. Each data point represents 5000 simulations. For each simulation, the ground truth dipole orientation was chosen randomly. Background noise was set to b = 100.