Table 2.

Summary of MSC differentiation regulated by microgroove.

Material	Groove (μm)	Ridge width (μm)	Depth (μm)	Cell type	Main results
PDMS	0.65–6	0.35–7	0.1–2	Ad-MSCs	Groove width of 4 μm and ridge width of 2 μm promotes osteogenic differentiation greatly
Ti	7–20	3–20	2	mMSCs	Groove width of 7 μm and ridge width of 3 μm can most effectively align the cells and promote osteogenic differentiation
Polyimide	2–15	2–15	5	hMSCs	Groove width of 10 μm and ridge width of 10 μm can promote osteogenic differentiation whereas 15 μm ridges supports adipogenic differentiation
Ti	30 and 60	—	10	hMSCs	Groove width of 30 or 60 μm enhances osteogenic differentiation
Ti	60	—	10 and 20	hMSCs	Groove width of 60 μm and depth of 10 μm allows for the highest levels of adhesion and osteogenic differentiation on day 21
PCL	50, 100, and 200	—	25, 50, and 100	hMSCs	Groove width >100 μm slightly increases the ALP activity level of MSCs.

PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane; Ti, titanium; PCL, polycaprolactone.