Figure 3.

Exosomal miRNA is involved in regulating the hypoxic. Hypoxia usually occurs in solid tumors about 100 μm from the functional vessels. Under hypoxia conditions, tumor cells activate multiple signaling pathways to enhance the release of specific cargos in exosomes and induce angiogenesis, glycolysis, self-proliferation, and metastasis, thereby adjusting their adaptability to hypoxia environment. Additionally, they promote the malignant phenotype of normoxic tumor cells and lead to disease progression.