Table 3.
Parent psychological distress scores (Kessler-6) across levels of household income, financial difficulty, and household material hardship (HMH) categories
| Kessler-6 Score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | Mean (SD) | P-value | ||
| Household income (unadjusted) | ≤ $10,000 | 34 (5.7 %) | 7.9 (6.3) | |
| $10,001 to $20,000 | 45 (7.5%) | 7.6 (6.2) | ||
| $20,001 to $40,000 | 82 (13.6%) | 8.4 (4.8) | ||
| $40,001 to $70,000 | 137 (22.8%) | 8.5 (4.9) | 0.042 | |
| $70,001 to $100,000 | 93 (15.5%) | 7.3 (5.5) | ||
| $100,001 to $150,000 | 91 (15.1%) | 7.4 (4.4) | ||
| >$150,000 | 60 (10%) | 6.9 (4.7) | ||
| Preferred not to answer/missingb | 59 (9.8 %) | 6.4 (4.5) | ||
| Household income (adjusted for household size of 3 personsa) | ≤ $10,000 | 24 (4.0%) | 8.5 (6.0) | |
| $10,001 to $17,500 | 49 (8.2%) | 6.9 (6.0) | ||
| $17,501 to $36,793 | 87 (14.5%) | 8.4 (5.3) | ||
| $36,794 to $67,500 | 156 (26.0%) | 8.1 (4.9) | 0.202 | |
| $67,501 to $90,033 | 89 (14.8%) | 7.6 (5.3) | ||
| $90,034 to $150,000 | 105 (17.5%) | 7.6 (4.7) | ||
| >$150,000 | 27 (4.9%) | 6.6 (5.0) | ||
| Preferred not to answer/missingb | 64 (10.7%) | 6.6 (4.6) | ||
| Financial Difficulty | A great deal of difficulty | 65 (10.8%) | 9.9 (6.1) | |
| Quite a bit of difficulty | 74 (12.3%) | 8.7 (5.4) | ||
| Some difficulty | 143 (23.8%) | 8.6 (4.5) | <0.001 | |
| A little difficulty | 104 (17.3%) | 7.8 (5.1) | ||
| No difficulty at all | 186 (31.0%) | 5.8 (4.2) | ||
| Preferred not to answer/missingb | 29 (4.8%) | 7.4 (5.7) | ||
| HMH in the last 6 months | Lived with other people | 61 (10.2 %) | 9.4 (5.9) | 0.006 |
| Rent wasn’t paid on time | 133 (22.2%) | 9.2 (5.6) | <0.001 | |
| Threatened to shut off utilities | 118 (19.7%) | 8.9 (5.4) | 0.004 | |
| Home was not heated/cooled | 28 (4.7%) | 12.6 (6.3) | <0.001 | |
| Possibility of food running out | 134 (22.4%) | 9.1 (5.3) | 0.002 | |
| Weren’t able to purchase food | 103 (17.2%) | 9.3 (5.6) | 0.001 | |
| HMH Composite Scorec | 0 | 351 (60.9%) | 6.9 (4.9) | |
| 1 | 76 (13.2%) | 8.6 (4.6) | ||
| 2 | 48 (8.3%) | 7.5 (4.4) | ||
| 3 | 44 (7.6%) | 8.0 (4.9) | ||
| 4 | 22 (3.8%) | 7.3 (4.5) | <0.001 | |
| 5 | 18 (3.1%) | 10.1 (6.3) | ||
| 6 | 7 (1.2%) | 15.4 (5.1) | ||
| 7 | 7 (1.2%) | 13.4 (3.7) | ||
| 8 | 3 (0.5%) | 9.7 (8.5) | ||
a
Adjustment for household size was calculated for each participating family by taking the midpoint value of their income category range and dividing by the square root of the number of persons in the household.
b
For statistical testing purposes, the “prefer not to answer/missing” cells were omitted.
c
HMH Composite Scores were comprised of the sum of HMH questions regarding financial difficulty covering housing, utility, and food costs, where higher numbers indicate greater number and severity of difficulties.