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. 2022 Feb 4;12:1943. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-04827-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Zinc aspartate reduces glycolysis and OXPHOS in CD4⁺ T cells. (A) Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of OT-II TCR tg CD4⁺ T cells in the absence and presence of 100 and 150 μM zinc aspartate after 24 h of stimulation and adding glucose, oligomycin, and 2-DG. Bar graphs show glycolysis, glycolysis capacity, and glycolysis reserve. (B) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of OT-II TCR tg CD4⁺ T cells in the absence and presence of 100 and 150 μM zinc aspartate after 24 h of stimulation and adding oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin. Bar graphs show basal respiration, maximal respiration and ATP production. (C) Glucose uptake determined using 2-NBDG and measured by FACS for the indicated groups. (D) Mitochondrial ROS production determined using Mitosox and measured by FACS for the indicated groups. Statistical analysis in (A–D) by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Data in (A–D) are from 3 experiments. Dots represent individual mice used to isolate OT-II TCR tg CD4⁺ T cells. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.