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. 2022 Feb 4;12:1921. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05637-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conditioning with various delays of the US. (a–f) Averaged PSTHs of the licking responses with delays of − 1 s (a, n = 5 mice), − 0.5 s (b, n = 5 mice), + 0 s (c, n = 5 mice), + 0.5 s (d, n = 7 mice), + 1 s (e, n = 11 mice), or + 2 s (f, n = 7 mice) during trials 161–200. The plot in (d) is the same as that at the bottom of Fig. 1f. Red shades indicate the period of CS presentation. (g) Peak lick scores plotted against time. Each symbol represents the delay in the US relative to the CS. (h) Time windows for US presentation leading to conditioning. The averaged lick scores in the baseline session (white circle) and CS-only trials included during conditioning trials 161–200 (black circle) were plotted against delays between the CS and US. Wilcoxon signed-rank test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.