. 2022 Feb 4;12:1962. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05962-w

Table 2.

Five years’ trend of system productivity (Mg ha⁻¹) (± S.D.) in terms of maize grain equivalent yield (M_GEY) of maize-wheat rotation under different ICM modules. Means followed by a similar lowercase letters within a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s HSD test.

Treatment	System maize grain equivalents (M_GEY)
Treatment	2015–16	2016–17	2017–18	2018–19	2019–20
ICM₁	8.5^a ± 0.94	9.9^a ± 0.68	8.7^bcd ± 0.25	9.3^bc ± 0.65	9.7^bc ± 0.54
ICM₂	9.6^a ± 0.95	9.2^a ± 1.01	8.4^d ± 0.58	9.0^c ± 0.63	9.1^c ± 0.53
ICM₃	10.5^a ± 0.21	9.1^a ± 1.38	8.6^cd ± 0.30	9.5^bc ± 0.23	9.8^bc ± 1.53
ICM₄	9.6^a ± 0.80	9.7^a ± 1.09	8.6^cd ± 0.36	9.7^bc ± 0.26	8.7^c ± 0.90
ICM₅	9.7^a ± 1.36	9.8^a ± 1.45	10.3^ab ± 1.11	11.4^a ± 0.62	10.9^ab ± 0.71
ICM₆	10.0^a ± 1.95	8.8^a ± 1.16	10.1^abc ± 0.70	10.8^ab ± 0.55	11.0^ab ± 0.66
ICM₇	10.1^a ± 0.66	10.2^a ± 0.66	10.8^a ± 0.83	11.5^a ± 0.45	11.8^a ± 1.15
ICM₈	10.2^a ± 1.50	10.0^a ± 0.14	10.0^abc ± 0.51	11.6^a ± 0.64	11.7^a ± 1.03

^#ICM_1&2 = conventional flatbed maize & wheat (CT_FB); ICM_3&4 = conventional raised bed maize & wheat (CT_RB); ICM_5&6 = zero-till (ZT) flatbed maize with wheat residue at ~ 3 Mg ha⁻¹ (ZT_M + W_R) & ZT wheat with maize residue at ~ 5 Mg ha⁻¹ (ZT_W + M_R), and ICM_7&8 = ZT raised bed maize with wheat residue (ZT_RB + W_R) & ZT wheat with maize residue (ZT_RB + M_R). ^#R_DF = recommended fertilizers for maize / wheat 150:26.2:50 / 120:26:33 NPK kg ha⁻¹; L_BFs = NPK liquid bio-fertilizer; A_MF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.