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Approaches to adoptive cell therapy, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cells. Earlier approaches relied on isolation of endogenous TILs, whereas later approaches rely on inserting genes encoding receptors (T‐cell receptor [TCR] or CAR) using lentiviral transduction techniques into isolated naïve T‐cells. Following in vitro expansion, adoptive cells are then autologously reintroduced into patients either systemically or locally directly into the tumour site.
