TABLE 10.

Cell culture characteristics and functions

Author	Classification	Intervention	Cell morphology	Cell viability (MTT‐Test)	Cell proliferation
Cuthbert 8	Atrophic	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Cells isolated from non‐union tissue behave similarly to that of BMA, readily forming colonies. CFU‐F from non‐union tissue were comparable to that of induced membrane tissue, indicating no difference in MSC content between the two tissues.
El‐Jawhari 19	Atrophic	MSC cultured in non‐union serum vs. union serum	Not applicable	Not applicable	Non‐union serum has negative effect on MSC proliferation (p = 0.031).
Wang 10	Not mentioned	Chordin, Noggin and Gremlin expression knockdown	Not applicable	The cell viability of MSCs remained unchanged with PSI. By contrast, the cell viability of PEI25 kDa‐treated MSCs dramatically dropped to 20% of the original value when the polymer concentration reached 15 μg/ml.	Not applicable
Vallim 11	Not mentioned	Non‐union MSCs, BM MSCs and osteoblasts were transplanted into the subcutaneous tissue of immunodeficient mice	Not applicable	Not applicable	Non‐union MSCs had proliferative and rates comparable to BM MSCs and osteoblasts. The percentage of cells staining positive for b‐galactosidase activity in non‐union MSCs cultures was comparable to those observed in BM MSCs and osteoblasts.
Takahara 12	Pseudoarthrosis	Not applicable	Fibroblast‐like spindle shape	Not applicable	Could be cultured through at least 10 passages, with minimal decline in their proliferative capacity
Ismail 17	Not mentioned	Not applicable	Not applicable	Non‐union: viability of 87.1% (81.7%–90.8%); iliac crest: 89.8% (84.7%–94.5%). No differences were found between the two sources of MSCs (p = 0.175).	Not applicable

Abbreviations: BMA, bone marrow aspirate; BMP, bone morphogenic protein.