Table 4.

Panel-centered digital health interventions for primary care (dashboarding).

First author, year	Study design	Description of technology	Sample size	Selected outcomes
Allen, 2017 [24]	RCTa	Culturally sensitive team model using an electronic diabetes dashboard providing alerts and reports for each patient regarding clinical and behavioral factors and social distress.	399 Latino patients	Social distress score decrease of 0.6 (controls) vs 1.6 (intervention) over 6 months (P=.01).
Duquaine, 2015 [75]	Observational cohort	CDSb for tobacco use and interventions for smoking cessation; quarterly communications with practice-specific and overall program performance.	19 clinics treating low-income and Medicaid patients	Successful implementation at all sites. Change in EHRc documentation of prevalence and cessation rates (NRd).
Fiks, 2015 [85]	Open-label nonrandomized	Quarterly feedback reports summarizing personal, practice, and network rates of missed HPVe vaccine opportunities.	227 PCPsf	5.7% (95% CI 3.8-7.7) increase in HPV vaccination compared with controls.
Kapoor, 2018 [127]	Observational cohort	Emailed report of the proportion of atrial fibrillation patients receiving anticoagulation therapy compared to peers plus EHR message 1 day before visits with anticoagulation eligible patients.	5406 patients	Providers reviewed emails (45%) and EHR messages (96%), demonstrating feasibility. No change in the percentage of patients receiving anticoagulation therapy compared with controls after 3 months.
Zimmerman, 2017 [255]; Nowalk, 2016 [174]; Zimmerman, 2017 [257]; Lin, 2016 [145]; Zimmerman, 2017 [256]	RCT and pre-post	4 Pillars Immunization Toolkit and Practice Transformation Program. Web-based dashboard providing and tracking strategies for increasing practice vaccination rates, including EHR prompts, digital outreach, and standing order programs.	25 clinics [255]; 24 clinics [174]; 11 clinics [257]; 25 clinics [145]; 22 clinics [256]	2.7% to 10.2% statistically significant increases in vaccination rates for intervention and control sites during RCT studies. −1.9% to 17.1% statistically significant increases in vaccination rates for active intervention groups during year 2 of the pre-post study.

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^bCDS: clinical decision support.

^cEHR: electronic health record.

^dNR: not reported.

^eHPV: human papillomavirus.

^fPCP: primary care physician.