Table 3.
Least Squares Means (±Standard Errors) with 95% Confidence Intervals from General Linear Models for Outcome Measures by Group (Received Medroxyprogesterone Versus Did Not Receive Medroxyprogesterone Before Hospital Discharge), Adjusted for Gestational Age, Number of Expression Sessions, Maternal Race, Being Employed (Yes/No), Being on Medicaid (Yes/No), and Timing of Initiation of Milk Expression Following Delivery (Randomized Group)
| Outcome | No medroxyprogesterone (n = 141) | Medroxyprogesterone (n = 29) | Difference between groups | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onset of secretory activation using maternal perception (hours) | 97.9 ± 5.0 88.1–107.7 |
118.0 ± 12.2 94.0–142.1 |
−20.1 ± 13.3 −46.4 to 6.1 |
0.133 |
| Onset of secretory activation using maternal perception (hours) excluding five mothers who achieved secretory activation before DMPA | (n = 141) 98.3 ± 4.9 88.6–108.0 |
(n = 24) 129.9 ± 13.2 103.7–156.0 |
−31.6 ± 14.2 −59.7 to −3.4 |
0.028 |
| Milk volume | ||||
| Day 1 | 1.4 ± 0.4 0.7–2.1 |
1.1 ± 0.8 −0.6 to 2.7 |
0.4 ± 0.9 −1.5 to 2.2 |
0.703 |
| Day 2 | 9.9 ± 1.4 7.0–12.7 |
12.7 ± 3.4 5.9–19.4 |
−2.8 ± 3.8 −10.2 to 4.6 |
0.457 |
| Day 3 | 65.7 ± 9.7 46.4–84.9 |
58.3 ± 23.4 11.9–104.6 |
7.4 ± 25.7 −43.4 to 58.2 |
0.773 |
| Day 4 | 166.0 ± 15.1 136.1–195.8 |
172.0 ± 36.3 100.3–243.7 |
−6.0 ± 39.8 −84.7 to 72.6 |
0.880 |
| Day 5 | 224.9 ± 20.5 184.3–265.4 |
316.7 ± 49.0 219.9–413.5 |
−91.8 ± 53.8 −198.1 to 14.5 |
0.090 |
| Day 6 | 253.5 ± 20.5 212.9–294.1 |
300.8 ± 51.1 199.8–401.7 |
−47.3 ± 55.8 −157.4 to 62.9 |
0.398 |
| Day 7 | 285.8 ± 24.3 237.9–333.8 |
358.5 ± 59.9 240.2–476.8 |
−72.7 ± 65.3 −201.8 to 56.5 |
0.268 |
| Day 14 | 284.0 ± 23.1 238.3–329.7 |
380.5 ± 56.4 268.9–492.0 |
−96.5 ± 61.9 −218.8 to 25.9 |
0.121 |
| Day 21 | 280.6 ± 23.2 234.7–326.4 |
328.6 ± 59.4 211.1–446.1 |
−48.0 ± 64.4 −175.4 to 79.4 |
0.457 |
| Duration | ||||
| Continued lactating until infant discharge | 47.5% (67/141) | 37.5% (9/24) | 0.6a 0.2 to 1.8 |
0.387 |
| Days lactated if not discharged on MOM | 38.8 ± 2.6 33.6–44.1 |
32.3 ± 5.8 20.7–43.8 |
6.6 ± 6.4 −6.3 to 19.4 |
0.312 |
| % MOM consumed by infant | ||||
| Day 7 | 74.9 ± 3.5 68.0–81.6 |
75.9 ± 8.5 59.1–92.7 |
−1.1 ± 9.3 −19.4 to 17.3 |
0.908 |
| Day 14 | 70.8 ± 3.7 63.4–78.1 |
81.4 ± 9.1 63.5–99.3 |
−10.6 ± 10.0 −30.3 to 9.0 |
0.287 |
a
Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval obtained from logistic regression.
DMPA, depo medroxyprogesterone acetate; MOM, mother's own milk.