Table 1.
Characteristics and outcome variables of study participants at baseline (T0)a
| Characteristics | Duloxetine intervention N = 57 | Care-as-usual N = 54 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Joint | |||
| Knee | 54.4 (31) | 55.6 (30) | |
| Hip | 52.0 (26) | 48.0 (24) | |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 61.5 ± 8.1 | 64 ± 8.7 | |
| Female | 66.7 (38) | 57.4 (31) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 28.8 ± 4.9 | 29 ± 3.9 | |
| Cohabitation (yes) | 77.2 (44) | 75.9 (41) | |
| Educational level | |||
| Higher | 40.4 (23) | 38.9 (21) | |
| Secondary | 50.9 (29) | 55.6 (30) | |
| No or lower | 8.8 (5) | 5.6 (3) | |
| Smoking (yes) | 26.3 (15) | 11.1 (6) | |
| ASA Classification | |||
| I | 33.3 (19) | 27.8 (15) | |
| II | 54.4 (31) | 68.5 (37) | |
| III | 12.3 (7) | 3.7 (2) | |
| Comorbidities (/9), median (Q1;Q3) | 1 (0;1) | 1 (0;2) | |
| Back disorder | 7 (4) | 16.7 (9) | |
| Diabetes | 5.3 (3) | 11.1 (6) | |
| Cancer | – | 1.9 (1) | |
| Chronic bowel disorder | 8.8 (5) | 9.3 (5) | |
| Migraine | 8.8 (5) | 9.3 (5) | |
| Cardiopulmonary condition (/4) | 0 (0;1) | 0 (0;1) | |
| PCS (0–52), mean ± SD | 15.5 (9.5) | 17.4 (10.6) | |
| HADS-A (0–21), median (Q1;Q3) | 3 (1;5) | 3 (1;5) | |
| HADS-D (0–21), median (Q1;Q3) | 3 (2;5) | 3 (2;5) | |
| Number of painful body regions/joints (/20), median (Q1;Q3) | 2 (1;3.5) | 2 (1;4) | |
| Duration of osteoarthritis pain (months), median (Q1;Q3) | 48 (22.5;90.0) | 36 (16;7.75.0) | |
| KL grade | |||
| KL grade II | 14 (8) | 27.8 (15) | |
| KL grade III | 78.9 (45) | 68.5 (37) | |
| KL grade IV | 7 (4) | 3.7 (2) | |
| History of surgery in index joint | 52.6 (30) | 53.7 (29) | |
| Analgesic injection in index joint (past year) | 24.6 (14) | 27.8 (15) | |
| Analgesic usage in past week | 64.9 (37) | 70.4 (38) | |
| Acetaminophen | 45.6 (26) | 48.1 (26) | |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 36.8 (21) | 27.8 (15) | |
| Weak opioids | 3.5 (2) | 5.6 (3) | |
| Strong opioids | 1.8 (1) | – | |
| Others | – | – | |
| KOOS/HOOS (0–100) | |||
| ain (mean ± SD) | 38.6 ± 14.1 | 30.9 ± 12.7 | |
| Symptoms (mean ± SD) | 43.4 ± 18.7 | 41.1 ± 14.6 | |
| ADL (mean ± SD) | 41.7 ± 15.2 | 38.6 ± 14.6 | |
| QOL (mean ± SD) | 25.4 ± 13.8 | 21.4 ± 12.8 | |
| mPDQ | 15.5 ± 4.7 | 16 ± 4.6 | |
| PPT-Joint, median (Q1;Q3) | 3.9 (2.3;4.7) | 4.3 (1.9;2.2) | |
| PPT-Remote, median (Q1;Q3) | 3.2 (1.8;4.3) | 3.0 (2.2;3.8) | |
| VAS-past week | |||
| VAS-Rest (mean ± SD) | 46.6 ± 24.8 | 58.7 ± 18.2 | |
| VAS-Movement (mean ± SD) | 68.1 ± 15.7 | 71.1 ± 17.2 | |
aExcept where indicated otherwise, values are presented as % (n)
BMI body mass index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, PCS Pain Catastrophizing Scale, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, anxiety subscale, HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, depression subscale, KL Kellgren & Lawrence, KOOS/HOOS Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score/Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, mPDQ modified painDETECT questionnaire, PPT pressure pain threshold, VAS Visual Analogue Scale