Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta‐analysis for ORs between sarcopenia and depression
| First author and year | Country and region | Study region | Study site | Study design | Sample size | Mean age (years) | BMI (mean) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) adjusted | Adjustment factors | Sarcopenia diagnosis standard | Criteria (assessment method to detect sarcopenia) | Depression diagnosis standard | Cut‐off value for depression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endo (2021) | Japan | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 155 | 80 | 22.8 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | Age, sex, the number of falls within 1 year, and chronic diseases (hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, cardio‐cerebrovascular disease) | AWGS 2014 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (5mGS) | SDS | 40 | |
| Kitamura (2021) | Japan | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 917 | 78 | 23.4 | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | Age, sex, study area, FMI, diabetes, history of stroke, anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, current smoking, cognitive impairment, depressed mood, and hospitalization within the past year study area, fat mass index | AWGS 2019 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (5mGS) | GDS | 5 | |
| Kitamura (2021) | Japan | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 934 | 78 | 23 | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) | Age, sex, study area, FMI, diabetes, history of stroke, anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, current smoking, cognitive impairment, depressed mood, and hospitalization within the past year | AWGS 2019 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (5mGS) | GDS | 5 | |
| Yuenyongchaiwat (2021) | Thailand | Asia | Hospital | Cross‐sectional | 104 | 60 | 23.48 | 3.229 (1.139–9.157) | Age, sex, BMI, history of DM, duration of haemodialysis, levels of physical activity | AWGS 2019 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (6mGS) | BDI‐II Cut‐off value for depression: unknown | ||
| Fábrega‐Cuadros (2020) | Spain | Europe | Community | Cross‐sectional | 304 | 72 | 29.14 | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | Age, sex, low physical activity level, fatigue, short sleep duration | EWGSOP 2019 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) | HADS Cut‐off value for depression: unknown | ||
| Yuenyongchaiwat (2020) | Thailand | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 330 | 67 | 25.55 | 2.335 (1.224–4.453) | 2.089 (1.057–4.130) | Age, sex, and educational levels | AWGS 2014 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (6mGS) | GDS | 12 |
| Kilavuz (2018) | Turkey | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 861 | 72.2 | Unknown | 2.55 (1.11–5.88) | Age, gender, education, marital status; the perception of the economic situation; living position | EWGSOP 2010 | LMM (MC) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (6mGS) | GDS | 5 | |
| Szlejf (2018) | Brazil | America | Community | Cross‐sectional | 5927 | 61 | 27 | 2.3 (1.19–4.46) | 2.23 (1.11–4.48) | Age, sex, race, education, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, thyroid function status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and leisure‐time physical activity | FNIH Sarcopenia Project criteria | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) | B‐CIS‐R |
unknown |
| Hayashi (2019) | Japan | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 432 | 72.5 | 22.9 | 2.31 (1.2–4.46) | 2.38 (1.18–4.81) | Age, sex, educational history, body mass index, medical condition (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus),C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and physical activity (light, moderate–vigorous). | AWGS 2014 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (5mGS) | GDS | 6 |
| Wang (2018) | China | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 865 | 69 | 23.9 | 2.73 (1.35–5.11) | 2.45 (1.12–5.34) | Age, gender, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, physical activity, cognitive impairment, and body fat percentage. | AWGS 2014 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (6mGS) | GDS‐15 | 5 |
| Lee (2018) | Korea | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 201 | 74.3 | 25 | 5.493 (1.854–16.27) | 5.448 (1.063–27.92) | Age, BMI, lean body mass, and education | AWGS 2014 | LMM (DEXA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (6mGS) | CES‐D | 16 |
| Patino‐Hernandez (2017) | USA | America | Community | Cross‐sectional | 1509 | 76 | Unknown | 1.25 (0.81–1.94) | 0.82 (0.5–1.36) | Sex, age, years of school, living with a partner, smokers, comorbidities, MMSE cognitive impairment, falls in the last 12 months, and unintended loss of weight. | EWGSOP 2010 | LMM (MC) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (2.4mGS) | GDS‐15 | 6 |
| Sugimoto (2016) | Japan | Asia | Clinic | Cross‐sectional | 139 | 77 | 21.8 | 2.11 (0.90–4.93) | Age, education, Mini‐Mental State Examination, vitality index, depressive mood, body mass index, 25 (OH)D, serum albumin, eGFR, smoking status (only men), drinking status and No. of comorbidities; number of comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, cardiac disease, cancer and pulmonary disease). | AWGS 2014 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (TUG) | GDS‐15 | 6 | |
| Sugimoto (2016) | Japan | Asia | Clinic | Cross‐sectional | 279 | 77 | 21.8 | 1.24 (0.66–2.32) | Age, education, Mini‐Mental State Examination, vitality index, depressive mood, body mass index, 25(OH)D, serum albumin, eGFR, smoking status (only men), drinking status and no. of comorbidities; number of comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, cardiac disease, cancer and pulmonary disease). | AWGS 2014 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (TUG) | GDS‐15 | 6 | |
| Ishii (2016) | Japan | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 1732 | 77 | Unknown | 2.79 (1.43–5.43) | Age, sex, food intake, poor sleep, physical activity, education level, social isolation, living alone, neighbourhood ties, chronic comorbidity burden, use of antidepressant, and use of statin | EWGSOP 2010 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (5mGS) | GDS‐15 | 6 | |
| Ishii (2016) | Japan | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 1732 | 77 | Unknown | 0.93 (0.55–1.60) | Age, sex, food intake, poor sleep, physical activity, education level, social isolation, living alone, neighbourhood ties, chronic comorbidity burden, use of antidepressant, and use of statin | EWGSOP 2010 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (5mGS) | GDS‐15 | 6 | |
| Hsu (2014) | Taiwan, China | Asia | Community | Cross‐sectional | 353 | 82.7 | 23 | 2.55 (1.41–4.6) | 2.25 (1.03–4.89) | Age, body mass index, physical function, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cognitive impairment | EWGSOP 2010 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (6mGS) | GDS‐15 | 6 |
| Kim (2013) | Korea | Asia | Hospital | Cross‐sectional | 95 | 63.9 | 22.3 | 8.75 (2.74–27.9) | 6.87 (2.06–22.96) | Age, gender, BMI, diabetes | EWGSOP 2010 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) | BDI‐II | 16 |
Abbreviations: AWGS, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; B‐CIS‐R, Brazilian version of the Clinical Interview Scheduled Revised; BDI‐II, Beck Depression Inventory‐II; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI, body mass index; CES‐D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DXA, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry; EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; FNIH, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GS, gait speed; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HGS, handgrip strength; LMM, lower muscle mass; LMS, lower muscle strength; LPP, lower physical performance; MC, muscle circumference; SDS, Self‐rating Depression Scale; TUG, timed up and go test.