Table 1.
Participant characteristics at baseline by HIV serostatus (n = 94)
| Variable | HIV-(n = 35) | PWH (n = 59) | Effect Size | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 58.9 (6.5) | 59.3 (6.3) | .06 | −.36, .48 | .78 |
| Education (years), mean (SD) | 14.9 (2.5) | 14.0 (2.5) | −.33 | −.75, .08 | .12 |
| Sex (male), N (%) | 18 (51.4) | 49 (83.1) | 4.54 | 1.62, 13.43 | .002 |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | – | – | – | – | .71 |
| African-American | 6 (17.1) | 13 (22.0) | – | – | – |
| Hispanic | 5 (14.3) | 5 (8.5) | – | – | – |
| Caucasian | 22 (62.9) | 39 (66.1) | – | – | – |
| Other | 2 (5.7) | 2 (3.4) | – | – | – |
| Premorbid verbal IQ estimatea, mean (SD) | 105 (16.1) | 103 (14.9) | −.114 | −.53, .30 | .59 |
| Employment status, N (%) | – | – | – | – | .14 |
| Employed Full- or Part-Time | 16 (43.2) | 22 (30.1) | – | – | |
| Retired | 11 (29.7) | 20 (27.4) | – | – | |
| Permanently disabled | 4 (10.8) | 19 (26.0) | – | – | |
| Personal income, N (%) | – | – | – | – | < .001 |
| < $35,000 per year | 19 (57.5) | 64 (91.4) | – | – | |
| $35,000-$74,999 per year | 9 (27.2) | 4 (5.7) | – | – | |
| > $75,000 per year | 5 (15.2) | 2 (2.9) | – | – | |
| Family income, N (%) | – | – | – | – | .01 |
| < $35,000 per year | 57 (86.4) | 15 (46.9) | – | – | |
| $35,000-$74,999 per year | 3 (4.5) | 8 (25.0) | – | – | |
| > $75,000 per year | 6 (9.1) | 9 (28.1) | – | – | |
| Marital status, N (%) | – | – | – | – | < .001 |
| Married/living in a marriage-like relationship | 14 (37.8) | 8 (11.0) | – | – | |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 16 (43.2) | 22 (30.1) | – | – | |
| Never married | _7_ (18.9) | 43 (58.9) | – | – | |
| Psychiatric and Substance Use | |||||
| BDI-IIb, median [IQR] | 2 [0, 4] | 7 [2, 11.5] | .78 | .37, 1.20 | < .001 |
| Lifetime major depression, N (%) | 9 (25.7) | 42 (71.2) | 6.97 | 2.54, 20.70 | < .001 |
| Current any substance use disorder, N (%) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (3.4) | 1.16 | .06, 70.3 | .99 |
| Lifetime any substance use disorder, N (%) | 17 (48.6) | 40 (67.8) | 2.21 | .87, 5.74 | .08 |
| Comorbid Health Conditions/measures | |||||
| Hypertension, N (%) | 14 (40.0) | 37 (62.7) | 2.50 | .99, 6.52 | .05 |
| Hyperlipidemia, N (%) | 15 (42.9) | 39 (66.1) | 2.57 | 1.01, 6.72 | .03 |
| Type 2 Diabetes, N (%) | 9 (25.7) | 11 (18.6) | .67 | .22, 2.07 | .44 |
| HCV, N (%) | 2 (5.7) | 17 (28.8) | 6.57 | 1.40, 62.7 | .007 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 31.1 (9.7) | 27.6 (5.4) | −.48 | −.90, −.06 | .027 |
| Neurobehavioral Function | |||||
| GDSc, mean (SD) | .41 (.41) | .43 (.40) | .06 | −.37, .48 | .80 |
| Percent IADL Dependence, mean (SD) | 21.1 (8.4) | 18.7 (8.0) | −.30 | −.71, .12 | .17 |
| PAOFI unemployment, N (%) | 21 (61.8) | 40 (70.2) | 1.24 | .54, 3.90 | .49 |
| HIV Disease Characteristics | |||||
| AIDS Diagnosis, N (%) | – | 40 (67.8) | – | – | – |
| Current CD4 (cells/uL), median [IQR] | – | 690 [563, 835] | – | – | – |
| Nadir CD4 (cells/uL), median [IQR] | – | 196 [61.5, 427] | – | – | – |
| Undetectable plasma HIV RNA, N (%) | – | 55 (96.5) | – | – | – |
| Estimated years of infection, mean (SD) | – | 22.9 (7.7) | – | – | – |
| On ART, N (%) | – | 56 (93.3) | – | – | – |
| Duration on all ART (months), mean (SD) | – | 207 (87.9) | – | – | – |
aPremorbid verbal IQ estimated using the Wide Range Achievement Test-Fourth Edition; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition; HCV = Hepatitis C; BMI = Body Mass Index; GDS = global deficit score; IADL = Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; PAOFI = Patient’s Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory; ART = antiretroviral therapy; CI = confidence interval; Student t-tests were used for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical variables; effect size is Cohen’s d for continuous variables and odds ratio for binary variables; blog10, csquare-root transformed; significant group differences (p < .05) are in bold