Table 1.
Characteristics of the study populations
| Development/internal validation sample | External validation sample | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men n = 1170 |
Women n = 1084 |
Men n = 50 |
Women n = 64 |
|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 55.8 ± 6.1 | 55.5 ± 5.8 | 56.8 ± 9.0 | 53.3 ± 9.1 |
| Length (m) | 1.81 ± 0.07 | 1.66 ± 0.06 | 1.77 ± 0.07 | 1.63 ± 0.07 |
| Weight (kg) | 95.8 ± 12.7 | 81.5 ± 14.3 | 86.9 ± 15.8 | 73.3 ± 14.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 3.4 | 29.4 ± 4.9 | 27.6 ± 4.2 | 27.7 ± 5.5 |
| BSA (m2) | 2.19 ± 0.17 | 1.93 ± 0.19 | 2.06 ± 0.21 | 1.81 ± 0.19 |
| Total body fat (%) | 28.4 ± 5.6 | 41.3 ± 6.0 | 26.0 ± 5.2 | 39.4 ± 7.4 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.7 ± 15.3 | 128.4 ± 17.3 | 138.3 ± 14.8 | 132.9 ± 21.8 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 86.3 ± 10.1 | 83.7 ± 10.3 | 87.8 ± 9.6 | 80.5 ± 9.9 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 67.7 ± 10.9 | 70.7 ± 10.6 | 69.7 ± 11.3 | 72.8 ± 13.0 |
| Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 6.6 ± 1.2 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 7.4 ± 1.9 |
| Smoking (%) | ||||
| Never | 413 (35.3) | 432 (39.9) | 27 (54.0) | 44 68.8) |
| Former | 558 (47.7) | 533 (49.2) | 5 (10.0) | 8 (12.5) |
| Current | 199 (17.0) | 119 (11.0) | 18 (36.0) | 12 (18.8) |
| Pack years | 11.3 ± 16.0 | 8.6 ± 13.3 | 5.0 ± 10.6 | 3.9 ± 9.3 |
| Glucose lowering medication (%) | ||||
| No | 1113 (95.1) | 1052 (97.0) | 21 (42.0) | 30 (46.9) |
| Oral medication | 44 (3.8) | 27 (2.5) | 13 (26.0) | 9 (14.1) |
| Insulin | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) |
| Oral medication and insulin | 9 (0.8) | 4 (0.4) | 16 (32.0) | 25 (39.1) |
| Lipid lowering medication (%) | 169 (14.4) | 91 (8.4) | 25 (50.0) | 22 (34.4) |
| Medication for hypertension (%) | 301 (25.7) | 277 (25.6) | 21 (42.0) | 22 (34.4) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.64 ± 1.05 | 5.85 ± 1.09 | 5.09 ± 1.23 | 5.02 ± 1.05 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.63 ± 1.03 | 1.27 ± 0.74 | 1.59 ± 1.47 | 1.46 ± 0.94 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.26 ± 0.32 | 1.62 ± 0.42 | 1.37 ± 0.37 | 1.57 ± 0.48 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.63 ± 0.96 | 3.65 ± 1.01 | 2.95 ± 1.12 | 2.78 ± 0.90 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.78 ± 1.16 | 5.53 ± 0.89 | 6.84 ± 2.19 | 6.52 ± 2.22 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.45 ± 0.60 | 5.40 ± 0.42 | 7.07 ± 1.59 | 6.85 ± 1.55 |
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 86.1 ± 14.2 | 69.5 ± 10.6 | 84.1 ± 15.6 | 61.2 ± 9.2 |
Data are shown as n (%) or mean ± SD
BMI body mass index, BSA body surface area, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein