TABLE 1.
Factors associated with HRSV infection among children aged <5 years, hospitalized with severe respiratory illness, Edendale and Klerksdorp‐Tshepong hospitals, South Africa, 2012–2015
| Characteristic | HRSV positive n/N (%) | HRSV negative n/N (%) | Univariate odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Multivariable adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) ≤ 5 years | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 601/2509 (23.9) | 1908/2509 (76.1) | ||||
| Age | ||||||
| <3 months | 229/601 (38.1) | 360/1908 (18.9) | 4.8 (3.5–6.7) | <0.001 | 4.5 (3.0–6.9) | <0.001 |
| 3–5 months | 134/601 (22.3) | 306/1908 (16.0) | 3.3 (2.4–4.7) | <0.001 | 3.4 (2.2–5.2) | <0.001 |
| 6–11 months | 106/601 (17.6) | 404/1908 (21.2) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 0.001 |
| 12–23 months | 78/601 (13.0) | 427/1908 (22.4) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 0.083 | 1.6 (1.1–2.6) | 0.024 |
| 24–59 months | 54/601 (9.0) | 411/1908 (21.5) | Reference | Reference | ‐ | |
| Female | 256/600 (42.7) | 844/1907 (44.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.493 | ||
| Year | ||||||
| 2012 | 188/601 (31.3) | 521/1908 (27.3) | Reference | |||
| 2013 | 165/601 (27.5) | 590/1908 (30.9) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.037 | ||
| 2014 | 133/601 (22.1) | 401/1908 (21.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.521 | ||
| 2015 | 115/601 (19.1) | 396/1908 (20.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.110 | ||
| Clinical presentation and course | ||||||
| Fever ≥38°C | 370/598 (61.9) | 1219/1896 (64.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.284 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 0.035 |
| Cough | 581/596 (97.5) | 1615/1890 (85.4) | 6.6 (3.9–11.2) | <0.001 | 7.6 (4.2–13.7) | <0.001 |
| Supplemental oxygen needed | 409/599 (68.3) | 1008/1889 (53.4) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.002 |
| Prolonged hospitalization (≥5 days) | 302/601 (50.2) | 913/1908 (47.9) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.305 | ||
| In‐hospital death | 4/597 (0.7) | 29/1883 (1.54) | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 0.082 | ||
| Admitted to ICU | 24/598 (4.0) | 80/1887 (4.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.809 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.012 |
| Tachypnea | 335/595 (56.3) | 879/1880 (46.8) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | <0.001 | ||
| Stridor | 121/595 (20.3) | 324/1878 (17.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.091 | ||
| Underlying medical conditions | ||||||
| HIV infection | 32/549 (5.8) | 246/1756 (14.0) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 |
| Prematurity | 68/600 (11.3) | 257/1907 (13.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.167 | ||
| Heart disease | 1/600 (0.2) | 5/1906 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.07–5.44) | 0.663 | ||
| Malnutrition | 92/534 (17.2) | 469/1746 (26.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1/600 (0.2) | 3/1905 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.11–10.2) | 0.961 | ||
| Asthma | 7/600 (1.2) | 27/1906 (1.4) | 0.8 (0.4–1.9) | 0.639 | ||
| Coinfection | ||||||
| Tuberculosis | 6/150 (4) | 24/559 (4.3) | 0.9 (0.4–2.3) | 0.873 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 35/404 (8.7) | 151/1348 (11.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.138 | ||
| Influenza A/B | 10/601 (1.7) | 130/1908 (6.8) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | <0.001 |
| Rhinovirus | 154/601 (25.6) | 763/1908 (40.0) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | <0.001 |
| Adenovirus | 93/601 (15.5) | 460/1908 (24.1) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | <0.001 | ||
| Enterovirus | 35/601 (5.8) | 142/1908 (7.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.168 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | |
| Human metapneumovirus | 5/601 (0.8) | 115/1908 (6.0) | 0.1 (0.05–0.3) | <0.001 | 0.1 (0.04–0.3) | <0.001 |
| Parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3 | 10/601 (1.7) | 168/1908 (8.8) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.003 |
Note: Bold emphasizes statistically significant variables.
CI = confidence interval; ICU = intensive care unit; n/N = sample size/population size.