TABLE 2.
Factors associated with HRSV infection among patients aged ≥5 years, hospitalized with severe respiratory illness, Edendale and Klerksdorp‐Tshepong hospitals, South Africa, 2012–2015
| Characteristic | HRSV positive n/N (%) (N = 171) | HRSV negative n/N (%) | Univariate odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Multivariable adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) years | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 171/4399 (3.9) | 4228/4399 (96.1) | ||||
| Age | ||||||
| 5–24 years | 38/171 (22.2) | 562/4228 (13.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25–44 years | 82/171 (48.0) | 2094/4228 (49.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.007 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.008 |
| 45–64 years | 39/171 (22.8) | 1226/4228 (29.0) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.010 |
| 65 + years | 12/171 (7.0) | 346/4228 (8.2) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.048 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.606 |
| Female | 102/170 (60) | 2219/4220 (52.6) | 1.4 (0.9–1.8) | 0.060 | ||
| Year | ||||||
| 2012 | 86/171 (50.3) | 1487/4230 (35.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2013 | 49/171 (28.7) | 1128/4230 (26.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.118 | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.160 |
| 2014 | 17/171 (9.9) | 836/4230 (19.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | <0.001 |
| 2015 | 19/171 (11.1) | 779/4230 (18.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 0.001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.009 |
| Clinical presentation and course | ||||||
| Fever ≥38°C | 69/169 (40.8) | 1688/4197 (40.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.874 | ||
| Cough | 128/148 (86.5) | 3503/3833 (91.4) 333 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.053 | ||
| Supplemental oxygen needed | 74/170 (43.5) | 1562/4147 (37.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 0.126 | ||
| Prolonged hospitalization (≥5 days) | 117/171 (68.4) | 2848/4230 (67.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.765 | ||
| In‐hospital death | 19/162 (11.7) | 485/4106 (11.8) | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) | 0.974 | ||
| Admitted to ICU | 1/169 (0.6) | 21/4144 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.2–8.7) | 0.882 | ||
| Tachypnea | 2/4 (50) | 6/22 (27.3) | 2.7 (0.3–23.4) | 0.380 | ||
| Stridor | 0/4 (0) | 3/22 (13.6) | ||||
| Underlying medical conditions | ||||||
| HIV infection | 125/156 (80.1) | 2943/3966 (74.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.088 | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 0.033 |
| Heart disease | 3/170 (1.8) | 72/4222 (1.7) | 1.0 (0.3–3.3) | 0.954 | ||
| Chronic lung disease | 0/170 (0) | 28/4222 (0.7) | ||||
| Asthma | 7/170 (4.1) | 142/4222 (3.4) | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) | 0.606 | ||
| Coinfection | ||||||
| Tuberculosis | 18/101 (17.8) | 653/2706 (24.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.132 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 21/162 (13.0) | 465/3965 (11.7) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.637 | ||
| Influenza | 7/171 (4.1) | 185/4230 (4.4) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.859 | ||
| Rhinovirus | 33/171 (19.3) | 693/4230 (16.4) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.324 | ||
| Adenovirus | 27/171 (15.8) | 296/4230 (7.0) | 2.5 (1.6–3.8) | <0.001 | ||
| Enterovirus | 10/171 (5.8) | 35/4230 (0.8) | 7.4 (3.6–15.3) | <0.001 | 7.3 (3.4–15.7) | <0.001 |
| Human metapneumovirus | 2/171 (1.2) | 46/4230 (1.1) | 1.1 (0.3–4.5) | 0.920 | ||
| Parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3 | 1/171 (0.6) | 86/4230 (2.0) | 0.3 (0.04–2.04) | 0.119 | ||
Note: Bold emphasizes statistically significant variables.
CI = confidence interval; ICU = intensive care unit; n/N = sample size/population size.