TABLE 1.
Main coumarins and their vegetal sources.
| Plant species | Coumarins | References |
|---|---|---|
| Apiaceae/Umbelliferae | ||
| Anethum graveolens (L.) | Esculetin, scopoletin, furanocoumarin, oxypeucedanin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, falcarindiol | Kovač-Bešović and Durić, (2003); Kaur and Arora, (2010) |
| (Dill) | ||
| Angelica archangelica (L.) | Angelicin, osthole, bergapten, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, oreoselone, oxypeucedanin, psoralen, umbelliferone, xanthotoxin, xanthotoxol, umbelliprenin | Kumar et al., 2013; Forycka and Buchwald, (2019) |
| (Angelica) | ||
| Apium graveolens (L.) | Esculetin, bergapten, celerin, celereoside, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, osthenol, seselin, scopoletin, psoralen, umbelliferone, xanthotoxin | Garg et al., 1979; Najda et al., 2015; Arsenov et al., 2021 |
| (Celery) | ||
| Coriandrum sativum (L.) (Coriander) | Coumarin 7-substituted derivatives | Sharifi-Rad et al. (2021) |
| Cuminum cyminum (L.) (Cumin) | Coumarin | Rebey et al. (2012) |
| Daucus carota (L.) | Bergapten, isopimpinellin, umbelliferone, xanthotoxin | Ozçelik and Kusmenoglu, (2004); Kenari et al., 2021 |
| (Carrot) | ||
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel) | Scopoletin, bergapten, imperatorin, 8-methoxypsoralen, psoralen | Kaur and Arora, (2010); Yang et al., 2015 |
| Pastinaca sativa (L.) | Angelicin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, xanthotoxin, imperatorin, psoralen | Kenari et al. (2021) |
| (Parsnip) | ||
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | Bergapten, oxypeucedanin, 8-metoxypsoralen, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, psoralen | Manderfeld et al., 1997; Arsenov et al., 2021 |
| (Parsley) | ||
| Pimpinella anisum (L.) (Aniseed) | Bergapten, scopoletin, umbelliferone, umbelliprenine | Sun et al. (2019) |
| Rutaceae | ||
| Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa | Angelicin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, marmesinin, 8-hydroxypsoralen, marmelosin | Avula et al. (2016) |
| (Bael fruit) | ||
| Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Bergamottin, 5-geranyloxy-7-Methoxycoumarin, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, limettin, marmesin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, phellopterin, scoparone | Dugrand et al., 2013; Dugrand-Judek et al., 2015 |
| (Lime) | ||
| Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck | Limettin, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, byakangelicol, oxypeucedanin, 8-geranyloxypsoralen, bergamottin, umbelliferone, heraclenin, phellopterin, osthole, auraptene, isopimpinellin, bergapten | Dugrand et al., 2013; Dugrand-Judek et al., 2015 |
| (Lemon) | ||
| Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Herniarin, scopoletin, scoparone, umbelliferone, xanthyletin, bergaptol | Dugrand et al., 2013; Dugrand-Judek et al., 2015 |
| (Sweet orange) | ||
| Citrus x paradisi Macfad. (Grapefruit) | Bergamottin, auraptene, limettin, scopolin, bergapten, bergaptol, isopimpinellin, osthole | Dugrand et al., 2013; Dugrand-Judek et al., 2015 |
| Asteraceae/Compositae | ||
| Arnica montana (L.) (Arnica) | Scopoletin, umbelliferone | Kriplani et al. (2017) |
| Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All | Scopolin (7-β-d-glucopyranosyl-scopoletin), umbelliferone, herniarin, scopoletin | European Medicines Agency, (2011) |
| (Roman Chamomile) | ||
| Cichorium intybus (L.) (Chicory) | Umbelliferon, esculetin (6,7-dihydrocumarin) scopoletin, esculetin and cichorin | Das et al., 2016; Aisa et al., 2020 |
| Matricaria chamomilla (L.) | Umbelliferone, herniarin, skimmin, daphin, daphnetin | Petruľová-Poracká et al. (2013) |
| (Chamomille) | ||
| Fabaceae/Leguminosae | ||
| Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Forsyth f | Esculin, esculetin | Oliveros-Bastidas et al. (2013) |
| (Tonka Bean) | ||
| Glycyrriza glabra (L.) (Liquorice) | Glycycoumarin, isoglycycoumarin, licopyranocoumarin, isotrifoliol, glycyrol, glycyrurol, licoarylcoumarin, glycyrin | Zang, (2020) |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.) (Fenugreek) | Hymecromone, trigocoumarin, trigoforin, scopoletin | Dini and Laneri, (2021) |
| Moraceae | ||
| Oleae europaea (L.) | Esculetin, scopoletin, esculin | Hashmi et al., 2015; European Medicines Agency, (2017) |
| (Olive) | ||
| Ficus carica (L.) | Umbelliferone, psoralen, bergapten | Ammar et al. (2015) |
| (Fig) | ||
| Araliaceae | ||
| Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim | Isofraxidin | Guo et al. (2019) |
| (Siberian Ginseng) | ||
| Lamiaceae/Labiadae | ||
| Ocimum basilicum (L.) | Esculetin, esculin, coumarin, ocimarin | Zahran et al. (2020) |
| (Basil) | ||
| Lauraceae | ||
| Cinnamomum sp. (Cinnamon) | Coumarin, scopoletin | Wang et al., 2013; Ananthakrishnan et al., 2018 |
| C. zeylanicum has a low content compared with other species | ||
| Persea americana Mill. (Avocado) | Scopoletin | Bhuyan et al. (2019) |
| Tiliaceae | ||
| Tilia cordata Mill. (Linden) | Scopoletin | Arcos et al. (2006) |
| Urticaceae | ||
| Urtica dioica (L.) | Umbelliferone, esculetin, scopoletin | Esposito et al., 2019; Repajić et al., 2021 |
| (Nettle) | ||