TABLE 3.

Various NMOFs as sensitive and selective sensors for screening biological macromolecules.

NMOFs	Probe units	Biomolecules	Detection limit	Detection mechanism	Refs
[Cu(H2dtoa)]	FAM-labeled probe	HIV-1 (DNA), Thrombin	-	PET	Zhu et al. (2013)
[Cu3(Cmdcp)2 (dps)4·(H2O)4(SO4)]n	FAM-labeled probe	HIV-1 (dsDNA) and Sudan virus RNA	196 pM for DNA, 73 pM for RNA	PET	Yang et al. (2015)
{[Dy(Cmdcp)(H2O)3](NO3)·2H2O}n	-	Ebolavirus RNA	160 pM for RNA	π-stacking and/or hydrogen bonding	Qin et al. (2016)
{[La4(Cmdcp)6(H2O)9]}n	FAM-labeled probe	P-DNA	-	PET
{[La2(Cbdcp)3(H2O)10]} n	FAM-labeled probe	DNA or RNA	-	PET	Yang S P et al., 2017, Zhao et al. (2016a), Zhao et al. (2016b)
{[Zn(HCbdcp)2]H2O}n
[Cu(dcbb)2]n
{[Cu(dcbb)2(H2O)2]·10H2O}n
UiO-66-NH2	FAM-labeled probe	HIV-1 (DNA)	-	Electrostatic and π-π stacking	Fang et al. (2014), Mejia-Ariza et al. (2017), Zhao H X et al. (2016), Ling et al. (2015)
UiO-66
MIL-101
MIL-88A
[Gd (TIA)(HCOO)]n
{[La2 (TDA)3]·2H2O}n
Cd(L)·(HDMA)2 (DMF)(H2O)3
Zn(L)·(HDMA)2 (DMF)(H2O)6
[Cd (ATC)(H2O)2]n	Functional (-COOH/-NH2) groups	anti-BSA	7 mg/ml	-	Kumar et al. (2014)
[Cu(mal)(bpy)]·2H2O	FAM-labeled probe	glycine (Gly) and serine (Ser)	0.81 μg ml−1 for Gly, 1.51 μg ml−1 for Ser	-	Li S Y et al. (2017)
{[Cd(L)(bpy)]·DMA·5H2O}n	π-conjugated naphthyl moiety	penicillamine (PEN)	23.72 μM−1 for D-PEN, 10.13 μM−1 for L-PEN	-	Zhang W et al. (2018)
R-UiO	Oxygen-responsive phosphorescent ligand	ROS	-	-	Xu et al. (2016)
Zr6O4(OH)8(H2O)4(CTTA)8/3	-	NZF and TNP Antibiotics	58 ppb NZF, 23 ppb TNP	Electron transfer and energy transfer	Wang et al. (2016b)
Zr6O4(OH)8(H2O)4 (TTNA)8/3			58 ppb NZF, 23 ppb TNP
[Cd2Na(L)(BDC)2.5]·9H2O	-	NZF antibiotics	162 ppb	Electron transfer and energy transfer	Zhao et al. (2017)
[Cd2(L)(2,6-NDC)2]·DMF·5H2O			75 ppb
[Cd2(L)(BPDC)2]·DMF·9H2O			60 ppb