Table 2.
Intervention and outcomes in Included Studies
| Author and Year | Time from Surgery to Biofeedback (Week) | Training Type | BF Type | Practice Type at Home | BFT Duration(min) | Frequency | Length (Week) | Outcomes (Bowel Function) | Outcomes (Quality of Life) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prospective randomized trials | |||||||||
| Kye et al 201628 N=47 (BFT Group:21; Control Group:26) |
During stoma interval | NR | NR | PEFT | NR | 1–2/week | 10 | ARM Number of daily defecation CCIS score |
NR |
| Zheng et al 201930 N=109 (Blank control group:38; PFMT Group:36; BFT Group:35) |
64 | Strength training | Visual Verbal | PEFT | 20 | 3/week | 16 | MSKCC | NR |
| Prospective non-randomized trials | |||||||||
| Laforest et al 201225 N=46 (Rehabilitation Group:22;Control Group:24) |
NR | NR | Visual | PEFT | 60 | 1/week | 15 | Gastrointestinal standardized questionnaire Wexner score Kirwan’s classification |
SF-36 FIQL |
| Lee et al 201926 N=31 (BFT Group:16;Control Group:15) |
NR | NR | Visual | PEFT | NR | 2/week | 5 | ARM Wexner score NBM LARS |
NR |
| Case series | |||||||||
| Allgayer et al 200519 N=95(Irradiated patients:41;Non-irradiated patients:54) |
6 (4–40)* | Strength training | Visual | PEFT | 60 | Daily | 3 | ARM MCIS EUS |
NR |
| Cong et al 200620 N=16 |
4 | Strength training Sensory training Coordination training |
Visual Verbal | PFET Electrical stimulation |
PEF:30 Electrical stimulation:15 |
Strength training:1/week Sensory training:2/week Electrical stimulation:1/week | 3 | ARM Vaizey score Wexner score |
NR |
| Du et al 201021 N=24 |
NR | Strength training Sensory training Coordination training |
Visual | PFET Electrical stimulation |
PEF:30 Electrical stimulation:15 |
PEF:1–2/day electrical Stimulation:1/day | 6–32 | ARM Vaizey score Wexner score |
NR |
| Bartlett et al 201122 N=19 |
18 (12–24)* | Strength training Sensory training Coordination training |
Visual Verbal | Relaxation breathing Anal squeeze PEFT Evacuation techniques |
60–90 | Daily | mean: 7 | ARM The Continence Grading Scale VAS | FIQL |
| Cong et al 201123 N=11 |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Vector manometry Wexner score | EORTC QLQ-C30 |
| Kim et al 201124 N=70 |
25.5±21.2‡ | Strength training Sensory training Coordination training |
Visual Verbal | PFET | NR | 1/week | 10 | ARM Wexner score Daily stool frequency satisfaction score |
NR |
| Kuo et al 201527 N=32 |
NR | Coordination training | Visual | NMES | NR | 2–3/week | 8–12 | ARM Wexner score |
NR |
| Liang et al 201629 N=61 |
7.7±2.9‡ | Strength training Sensory training Coordination training |
NR | NR | 30 | 2/day | NR | ARM Wexner score Vaizey score |
NR |
Note: Values are median (range)*, mean±SD‡.
Abbreviations: BF, Biofeedback; BFT, Biofeedback therapy; PEFT, Pelvic Floor Muscle Training; NR, Not reported; ARM, Anorectal Manometry; CCIS, Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score; MSKCC, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center bowel score; SF-36, Health Status and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life score; FIQL, The Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life; NBM, The number of bowel movement; LARS, Low Anterior Resection Symptom; MCIS, Modified Cleveland Incontinence Score; EUS, Endoscopic Ultra Sonography; VAS, Visual analog scale; EORTC QLQ-C30, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30; NMES, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation.