Table 1.
Baseline and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 uninfected controls and infected study participants included in the analysis.
| Characteristic | All (N = 103) | Uninfected controls (N = 20) | COVID mild (N = 27) | COVID moderate (N = 28) | COVID severe (N = 15) | COVID very severe (N = 13) | P-value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 41 (29–58) | 31 (29–39) | 49 (31–63) | 33 (27–40) | 58 (51–73) | 55 (52–60) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 53 (52%) | 12 (60%) | 15 (56%) | 13 (46%) | 5 (33%) | 8 (62%) | 0.47 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||||
| American Indian | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (8%) | |
| Asian | 5 (5%) | 3 (15%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (7%) | 1 (8%) | |
| Black | 17 (17%) | 0 | 5 (19%) | 1 (4%) | 5 (33%) | 6 (46%) | |
| Hispanic | 12 (12%) | 0 | 1 (4%) | 0 | 7 (5%) | 4 (31%) | |
| White | 59 (57%) | 17 (85%) | 15 (56%) | 25 (89%) | 1 (7%) | 1 (8%) | |
| Unknown | 9 (9%) | 0 | 6 (22%) | 2 (7%) | 0 | 1 (8%) | |
| Recent use of antibiotics | 2 (2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (7%) | 1 (8%) | 0.17 |
| Current use of intranasal medications | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (8%) | 0.14 |
| Current smoker | 5 (5%) | 1 (5%) | 1 (4%) | 0 | 3 (20%) | 0 | 0.05 |
| Obese (BMI > 30) | 28 (27%) | 4 (20%) | 5 (19%) | 8 (29%) | 5 (33%) | 6 (46%) | 0.78 |
| Diabetes | 12 (12%) | 0 | 1 (4%) | 3 (11%) | 5 (33%) | 3 (23%) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 28 (27%) | 2 (10%) | 7 (26%) | 3 (11%) | 9 (60%) | 7 (54%) | <0.001 |
| Lung disease | 12 (12%) | 0 | 5 (19%) | 3 (11%) | 1 (7%) | 3 (23%) | 0.22 |
| Heart disease | 19 (18%) | 1 (5%) | 2 (7%) | 0 | 9 (60%) | 7 (54%) | <0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||
| Symptom score b | NA | 15 (12–24) | 44.5 (32.8–55) | NA | NA | <0.001 | |
| Length of hospital stay (days) c | 12 (4.5–31.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.5 (3–7.75) | 32 (17–44) | <0.001 |
| Patient on ventilator | 11 (11%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 (85%) | <0.001 |
| Patient deceased | 6 (6%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (7%) | 5 (39%) | <0.001 |
The data are presented as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables or number (%) for categorical variables. Except for race/ethnicity, the estimates were calculated for participants with complete data.
SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; BMI, body mass index.
P-value for the comparison between groups using Kruskal–Wallis or Pearson’s chi-squared test, as appropriate.
P-value was calculated with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test with continuity correction only between the mild and moderate severity groups. Severity scores were obtained by asking the patients to rank their symptoms, with higher values indicating more severe disease. Uninfected control participants and hospitalized patients were not asked to fill out this symptom score questionnaire.
P-value was calculated with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test with continuity correction only between the two groups (severe and very severe COVID-19) in which patients were admitted to the hospital.
NA, not applicable.