Fig. 5.

Induction and release of a key cytokines by moMФ in response to Cd²⁺. Wild boar moMФ were left untreated (0) or treated with different Cd²⁺ concentration. a) At 24 h post-stimulation, levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α in culture supernatants were quantified using a multiplex ELISA, whereas levels of IFN-β were determined using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Mean data and SD from three independent experiments using different wild boar are presented. Values for Cd²⁺-stimulated samples were compared to untreated control (0) using or a one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test or a Kruskal–Wallis multiple comparison test. (b) At 3, 6, and 24 h post-stimulation, gene expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, TNF-α, IFN- β, and IFN-α1 genes were determined using RT-qPCR. At each time point, data were normalized on the values of untreated control and expressed as 2^−ΔΔCq, with ΔCq = Cq (target gene) —Cq (reference gene), and ΔΔCq = ΔCq (Cd²⁺-treated samples) —ΔCq (untreated sample, moMΦ). Heatmap displays mean data from five independent experiments using different blood donor wild boar. The colors in the cells represent the relative magnitude of gene expression. The yellow color represents the average magnitude of gene expression. The green color represents the smallest value, and the brightest orange represents the highest value.