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. 2022 Jan 24;12:795565. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.795565

TABLE 1.

Classifications and sources of limonoids isolated from genus Melia.

No Compounds Part of plant Sources Reference
Trichilin class
1 Azedarachin A Stem barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1996)
2 12-O-Acetylazedarachin A Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
3 12-O-Acetylazedarachin B Stem barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1996)
4 Azedarachin C Root barks M. azedarach D'Ambrosio and Guerriero (2002)
5 Azedarachin B Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
6 Sendanin Stem and root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
7 12-Hydroxyamoorastatin Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
8 Toosendanin Stem barks M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2010c)
9 12-O-Deacetyltrichilin H Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2005)
10 12-Acetyltrichilin B Root barks M. azedarach Nakatani et al. (1994)
11 7,12-Diacetyltrichilin B Root barks M. azedarach Nakatani et al. (1994)
12 Trichilin H Stem barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1996)
13 Trichilin B Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
14 Trichilin D Root barks M. azedarach Nakatani et al. (1994)
15 Meliatoxin A2 Root barks M. azedarach Nakatani et al. (1994)
16 Trichilin K Stem barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1996)
17 Trichilin L Stem barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1996)
18 Trichilin I Stem barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1996)
19 Trichilin J Stem barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1996)
20 12-Deacetyltrichilin I Barks M. azedarach Takeya et al. (1996b)
21 1-Acetyltrichilin H Barks M. azedarach Takeya et al. (1996b)
22 3-Deacetyltrichilin H Barks M. azedarach Takeya et al. (1996b)
23 1-Acetyl-3-deacetyltrichilin H Barks M. azedarach Takeya et al. (1996b)
24 1-Acetyl-2-deacetyltrichilin H Barks M. azedarach Takeya et al. (1996b)
25 1,12-Diacetyltrichilin B Barks M. azedarach Takeya et al. (1996b)
26 Meliatoosenin C Stem barks M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2010c)
27 24-Norchola-20,22-diene-4-carboralde-hyde-14,15:21,23-diepoxy-1,3,7,12,19-pentachydroxy-4,8-dimethyl-11-oxo-cyclic-4,19-hemiacetal[C(S),1α,3α,4β,5α,7α,12α,13α,14β,15β,17α]-(9Cl) Stem barks M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2010c)
28 Meliatoosenin D Stem barks M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2010c)
29 1-O-Acetyltrichilin H Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1998)
30 12-Acetoxyamoorastatin Barks M. azedarach Ahn et al. (1994)
31 7-Benzoyltoosendanin Seeds M. azedarach Liu et al. (2011)
32 7-Cinnamoyltoosendanin Seeds M. azedarach Liu et al. (2011)
33 Meliarachin B Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
34 Meliarachin C Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
35 Meliatoxin B1 Fruits M. toosendan Tada et al. (1999)
36 12α-Hydroxymeliatoxin B1 Fruits M. toosendan Zhu et al. (2014)
37 12α-Acetoxylmeliatoxin B2 Fruits M. toosendan Zhu et al. (2014)
38 Meliatoosenin G Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
39 Meliatoosenin H Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
40 29-[(2-Methylbutanoyl)oxy]-2α-hydroxyamoorastatone Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (2009)
41 1,3-epi-29-[(2-Methylpropanoyl)oxy]-2α-hydroxyamoorastatone Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (2009)
42 Isotoosendanin Fruits M. toosendan Xie et al. (2008)
43 Meliarachin L Fruits M. toosendan Yan et al. (2020)
44 Neoazedarachin A Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1998)
45 Neoazedarachin B Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1998)
46 Neoazedarachin D Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1998)
47 12α-Hydroxyamoorastatone Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1998)
48 Amoorastatone Fruits M. toosendan Wang et al. (2020a)
49 12-Dehydroneoazedarachin D Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
50 Meliatoxin B2 Barks M. azedarach Huang et al. (1994)
51 Meliarachin G Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
52 Meliarachin H Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
53 Meliarachin I Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
54 Meliarachin J Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
55 Meliarachin K Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
56 12α-Hydroxymeliatoosenin I Fruits M. toosendan Zhu et al. (2014)
57 Meliatoosenin I Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
58 Meliatoosenin J Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
59 Mesendanin H Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
60 Meliarachin D Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
61 Meliarachin E Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
62 Meliazedalides B Fruits M. azedarach Qiu et al. (2019)
63 Toosendalactonins Fruits M. azedarach Park et al. (2020)
64 Meliatoosenin E Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
65 Mesendanin G Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
66 Meliartenin Fruits M. azedarach Carpinella et al. (2003)
67 Toosendanal Fruits M. toosendan Tada et al. (1999)
Vilasinin class
68 Meliatoosenin K Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
69 Trichilinin D Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
70 Trichilinin E Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
71 Toosendansin H Fruits M. toosendan Li et al. (2020b)
72 1-O-cinnamoyltrichilinin Fruits M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (2000)
73 Trichilinin B Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
74 Trichilinin C Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
75 24, 25,26, 27-Tetranorapotirucalla-(apoeupha)-1α-tigloyloxy-3α, 7α-dihydroxyl-12α-acetoxyl-14, 20, 22-trien-21, 23-epoxy-6,28-epoxy Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2010d)
76 Meliavolkin Barks M. volkensii Zeng et al. (1995a)
77 Meliavolkinin Barks M. volkensii Rogers et al. (1998a)
78 1,3-Diacetylvilasinin Barks M. volkensii Rogers et al. (1998a)
79 1-Acetyltrichilinin Fruits M. volkensii Jaoko et al. (2020)
80 1-Tigloyltrichilinin Fruits M. volkensii Jaoko et al. (2020)
81 11,15-Dioxotrichilinin Fruits M. toosendan Zhu et al. (2014)
82 Toosendansin I Fruits M. toosendan Li et al. (2020b)
Havanensin class
83 Mesendanin C Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
84 Mesendanin D Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
85 Sendanal B Fruits M. toosendan Yan et al. (2020)
86 24,25,26,27-Tetra-norapotirucalla-(apoeupha)-1α,6α,12α-triacetoxyl-3α,7α-dihydroxyl-28-aldehyde-14,20,22-trien-21,23-epoxy Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2013)
87 14,15-Deoxy-11-oxohavanensin 3,12-diacetate Fruits M. toosendan Zhu et al. (2014)
88 Mesendanin A Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
89 Mesendanin B Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
90 Mesendanin J Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
91 Toosendone Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2007)
92 Butenolide Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
93 Meliarachin A Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Su et al. (2011)
94 Melianin C Barks M. volkensii Rogers et al. (1998a)
95 Meliatoosenin F Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
96 Mesendanin I Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
Azadirone class
97 Meliatoosenin A Stem barks M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2010c)
98 Azadirone Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
99 Acetyltrichilenone Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
Nimbolinin class
100 12-O-Methylvolkensin Fruits M. toosendan Tada et al. (1999)
101 1-Deacetylnimbolinin A Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (1999)
102 Nimbolinin A Fruits M. toosendan Su et al. (2013)
103 Nimbolinin C Fruits M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (2000)
104 Nimbolinin D Fruits M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (2000)
105 Nimbolinin B Fruits M. toosendan Su et al. (2013)
106 1-Deacetylnimbolinin B Fruits M. toosendan Su et al. (2013)
107 12-Ethoxynimbolinins A Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2007)
108 12-Ethoxynimbolinins B Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2007)
109 12-Ethoxynimbolinins C Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2007)
110 12-Ethoxynimbolinins D Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2007)
111 12-Ethoxynimbolinins H Barks M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2018)
112 Nimbolin B Root barks M. volkensii Zeng et al. (1995b)
113 1-Decinnamoyl-1-(2′-methylacryloyl) nimbolinin C Fruits M. toosendan Zhu et al. (2014)
114 1-Decinnamoylnimbolinin C Fruits M. toosendan Zhu et al. (2014)
115 12-O-Methyl-1-O-deacetylnimbolinin B Fruits M. toosendan Hu et al. (2011)
116 12-O-Methyl-1-O-tigloyl-1-O-deacetylnimbolinin B Fruits M. toosendan Hu et al. (2011)
117 12-O-Ethylnimbolinin B Fruits M. toosendan Hu et al. (2011)
118 1α, 7α-Dihydroxyl-3α-acetoxyl-12α-ethoxylnimbolinin Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2016)
119 1α-Tigloyloxy-3α-acetoxyl-7α-hydroxyl-12β-ethoxylnimbolinin Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2016)
120 1α, 3α-Dihydroxyl-7α-tigloyloxy-12α-ethoxylnimbolinin Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2016)
121 1α, 7α-Ditigloyloxy-3α-acetoxyl-12α-ethoxylnimbolinin Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2016)
122 1α-Benzoyloxy-3α-acetoxyl-7α-hydroxyl-12β-ethoxylnimbolinin Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2013)
123 12α-1-O-Tigloyl-1-O-deacetyl-nimbolinin B Fruits M. toosendan Su et al. (2013)
124 1α-Benzoyloxy-3α-acetoxyl-7α-hydroxyl-12α-ethoxyl nimbolinin Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2010b)
125 1-O-Benzoyl-3-O-deactylnim-bolinin C Fruits M. azedarach Park et al. (2020)
126 1-Benzoylnimbolinin C Seeds M. azedarach Liu et al. (2011)
127 Meliatoosenin L Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
128 Meliatoosenin N Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
129 Toosendansins B Fruits M. toosendan Chen et al. (2014)
130 3-Deacetyl-12-O-methylvolkensin Fruits M. toosendan Zhu et al. (2014)
131 Meliatoosenin T Fruits M. toosendan Yan et al. (2020)
132 Meliatoosenin U Fruits M. toosendan Yan et al. (2020)
133 Meliazedalides A Fruits M. azedarach Qiu et al. (2019)
Ohchinolide class
134 Ohchinolide A Fruits M. azedarach Ochi et al. (1979)
135 Ohchinolide B Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1997)
136 Ohchinolide C Barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1997)
137 1-O-Deacetyl-1-O-tigloylohchinolide B Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2004)
138 1-O-Deacetyl-1-O-benzoylohchinolide B Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2004)
139 1-O-Deacetyl-1-O-tigloylohchinolide A Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2004)
140 1-O-Deacetylohchinolide B Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2004)
141 1-O-Deacetylohchinolide A Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2004)
142 Azecin 2 Roots M. azedarach Tan and Luo (2011)
Nimbolidin class
143 Nimbolidin F Barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1997)
144 Nimbolidin D Barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1997)
145 Nimbolidin C Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (1996)
146 Nimbolidin E Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (1996)
147 Nimbolidin B Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (1996)
148 15-O-Deacetyl-15-O-methylnimbolidin A Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2005)
149 15-O-Deacetyl-15-O-methylnimbolidin B Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2005)
150 15-O-Deacetylnimbolidin B Fruits M. azedarach Zhou et al. (2005)
Salannin class
151 1-O-Cinnamoyl-1-O-debenzoylohchinal Fruits M. toosendan Hu et al. (2011)
152 1-O-Tigloyl-1-O-debenzoylohchinal Fruits M. toosendan Hu et al. (2011)
153 Salannin Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (1996)
154 3-O-Deacetylsalanni Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
155 Ohchinal Fruits M. toosendan Wang et al. (2020a)
156 Ohchinin Leaves M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014b)
157 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchinin Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
158 3-Deacetyl-4′-demethylsalannin Fruits M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014a)
159 3-Deacetyl-3-tigloylsalannin Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2017)
160 2′,3′-Dihydrosalannin Fruits M. volkensii Jaoko et al. (2020)
161 1-Detigloyl-1-isobutylsalannin Fruits M. volkensii Jaoko et al. (2020)
162 Ohchinin-acetate Fruits M. volkensii Jaoko et al. (2020)
163 Ohchininolide Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
164 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchininolide Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
165 23-Hydroxyohchininolide Leaves M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014b)
166 23-Methoxyohchininolide A Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
167 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoyl-23-hydroxyohchininolide Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
168 3-Deacetyl-28-oxosalannin Leaves M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014b)
169 3-Deacetyl-4′-demethyl-28-oxosalannin Leaves M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014b)
170 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoyl-28-oxoohchinin Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
171 3-Deacetyl-28-oxosalannolactone Leaves M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014b)
172 3-Deacetyl-28-oxoisosalanninolide Leaves M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014b)
173 3-Deacetyl-17-defurano-17,28-dioxosalannin Leaves M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014b)
174 21-Hydroxyisoohchininolide Leaves M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
175 17-Defurano-17-oxoohchinin Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2013)
176 Meliatoosenin P Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
177 Meliatoosenin Q Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
Ohchinolal class
178 3-O-Acetylohchinolal Barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1997)
179 1-Detigloylohchinolal Fruits M. azedarach Pan et al. (2014a)
180 1-Benzoyl-1-detigloylohchinolal Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2017)
181 1-Cinnamoyl-1-detigloylohchinolal Fruits M. azedarach Akihisa et al. (2017)
182 Ohchinolal Root barks M. toosendan Zhou et al. (1997)
183 Mesendanin E Fruits M. azedarach (Dong et al., 2010; Pan et al., 2014a)
184 Mesendanin F Twigs and leaves M. toosendan Dong et al. (2010)
185 Toosendansin G Fruits M. toosendan Li et al. (2020b)
186 Meliatoosenin R Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
Meliacarpinin class
187 Toosendane A Barks M. toosendan Hu et al. (2018)
188 Toosendane B Barks M. toosendan Hu et al. (2018)
189 Toosendane C Barks M. toosendan Hu et al. (2018)
190 3,20-Diacetyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin Barks M. toosendan Hu et al. (2018)
191 3,20-Diacetyl-1-tigloyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin Barks M. toosendan Hu et al. (2018)
192 Meliacarpinin A Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
193 Meliacarpinin C Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
194 Meliacarpinin D Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani (1999)
195 Meliacarpinin E Root barks M. azedarach Huang et al. (1996)
196 1-Deoxy-3-tigloyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin Barks M. azedarach Huang et al. (1994)
197 3α-(2-Methylbutyryl)-1,20-diacetyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Zhang et al. (2014)
198 3-Tigloyl-1,20-diacetyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin Twigs and leaves M. azedarach Zhang et al. (2014)
199 1-Methacrylyl-3-acetyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin Roots M. azedarach Nakatani (1999)
200 1-(2-Methylpropanoyl)-3-acetyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin Roots M. azedarach Nakatani (1999)
201 1-Cinnamoyl-3-hydroxy- 11-methoxymeliacarpinin Barks M. azedarach Takeya et al. (1996a)
202 1-Deoxy-3-methacrylyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin Barks M. azedarach Takeya et al. (1996a)
Meliacarpin class
203 1,3-Dicinnamoyl-11-hydroxymeliacarpin Leaves M. azedarach Bohnenstengel et al. (1999)
204 1-Cinnamoyl-3-methacrylyl-11-hydroxymeliacarpin Leaves M. azedarach Bohnenstengel et al. (1999)
205 1-Cinnamoyl-3-acetyl-11-hydroxymeliacarpin Leaves M. azedarach Bohnenstengel et al. (1999)
206 1-Cinnamoyl-3-feruloyl-11-hydroxymeliacarpin Leaves M. azedarach Bohnenstengel et al. (1999)
207 Azadirachtin Leaves M. azedarach Bohnenstengel et al. (1999)
208 1-Cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin Leaves M. azedarach Barquero et al. (2006)
Others
209 Meliatoosenin S Fruits M. toosendan Zhang et al. (2012)
210 Spirosendan Root barks M. toosendan Nakatani et al. (1999)
211 Volkensinin Barks M. volkensii Rogers et al. (1998b)
212 Azecin 1 Roots M. azedarach Tan and Luo (2011)
213 Azecin 3 Roots M. azedarach Tan and Luo (2011)
214 Azecin 4 Roots M. azedarach Tan and Luo (2011)