TABLE 2.
Pharmacological effects of limonoids.
| Compounds | Models | Treatment | In vitro/vivo | Effects | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-tumor effect | — | |||||
| Gastric cancer | — | |||||
| Toosendanin | MKN-45 cells | 60–100 nM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Shao et al. (2020) | |
| Toosendanin | AGS cells | 0.5–2 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis | Zhou et al. (2018) | |
| Toosendanin | HGC-27 cells | 0.1–0.5 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis | Zhou et al. (2018) | |
| Toosendanin | SGC-7901 cells | 0.25–4 µM | In vitro | Inhibiting proliferation, invasion, migration and inducing apoptosis | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| Toosendanin | MGC-803 cells | 30–70 nM | In vitro | Inhibiting cell proliferation | Liu et al. (2019) | |
| Toosendanin | HGC-27 cells | 0.6 µM | In vitro | Inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion | Liu et al. (2019) | |
| Trichilinin B | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 58.2 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 3-Deacetyl-4′-demethyl-28-oxosalannin | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 3.2 µM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 23-Hydroxyohchininolide | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 78.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| Meliarachin C | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 1.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Toosendanin | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 0.009 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 12-Dehydroneoazedarachin D | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 11.8 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Salannin | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 55.4 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchinin | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 82.3 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Ohchininolide | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 82.9 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchininolide | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 34.7 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 23-Hydroxyohchininolide | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 78.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoyl-23-hydroxyohchininolide | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 55.7 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoyl-28-oxoohchinin | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 61.7 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Mesendanin E | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 80 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-Benzoyl-1-detigloylohchinolal | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 81.6 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Nimbolinin D | AZ521 cells | IC50 = 96.8 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against AZ521 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Trichilinin E | SGC-7901 cells | IC50 = 6.9 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SGC-7901 cells | Zhou et al. (2016) | |
| Lung cancer | ||||||
| Toosendanin | A549 cells, tumor xenograft model | 50–400 nM | In vitro and in vivo | Enhancing apoptosis and inducing autophagy | Li et al. (2017) | |
| Toosendanin | A549 and A549/DDP cells | 50 μg/ml | In vitro | Inducing cell growth inhibition and enhancing CDDP sensitization | Zheng et al. (2018) | |
| Toosendanin | A549 and H1975 cells | 2–10 nM | In vitro | Inhibiting TGF-β1-induced EMT, adhesion, invasion, and migration | Luo et al. (2018) | |
| Toosendanin | A549 cells | 20–60 μM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | ||
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatone | A549 cells | ED50 = 0.92 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against A549 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatin | A549 cells | ED50 = 0.04 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against A549 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Acetoxyamoorastatin | A549 cells | ED50 = 0.01 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against A549 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 1,12-Diacetyltrichilin B | A549 cells | IC50 = 0.93 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against A549 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Meliarachin C | A549 cells | IC50 = 63.6 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against A549 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchinin | A549 cells | IC50 = 82.3 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against A549 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoyl-23-hydroxyohchininolide | A549 cells | IC50 = 90.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against A549 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-Benzoyl-1-detigloylohchinolal | A549 cells | IC50 = 83.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against A549 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Colorectal cancer | ||||||
| Toosendanin | CRC SW480 cells | 0.5 µM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Wang et al. (2015) | |
| Toosendanin | HEK293T, SW620, HCT-15/5FU-R cells and BALB/c nude mice | 1–2 μM; 0.69 mg/kg for 22 days/i.p | In vitro and in vivo | Inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis | Wang et al. (2020b) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatone | HCT-15 cells | ED50 = 1.6 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HCT-15 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatin | HCT-15 cells | ED50 = 0.08 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HCT-15 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Acetoxyamoorastatin | HCT-15 cells | ED50 = 0.04 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HCT-15 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 1,12-Diacetyltrichilin B | SW480 cells | IC50 = 0.04 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SW480 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Glioblastoma | ||||||
| Toosendanin | GBM U87 and C6 cell lines | 10 nM | In vitro | Inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis | Cao et al. (2016) | |
| Toosendanin | U-138MG | 50–150 nM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Wang et al. (2020c) | |
| Leukemia | ||||||
| Toosendanin | HL-60 cells | 12.5–100 nM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Ju et al. (2012) | |
| Toosendanin | K562 cells | 30, 50 nM | In vitro | Inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis | ||
| Toosendanin | HL-60 cells | 20–80 ng/ml | In vitro | Inhibiting proliferation and cell cycle, inducing apoptosis | Ju et al. (2013) | |
| Trichilinin B | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 22.2 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 3-Deacetyl-28-oxosalannin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 39.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 3-Deacetyl-4′-demethyl-28-oxosalannin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 2.8 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| Ohchinin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 56.3 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 23-Hydroxyohchininolide | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 25.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 21-Hydroxyisoohchininolide | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 22.7 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 1,12-Diacetyltrichilin B | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 0.55 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Meliarachin C | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 0.65 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Toosendanin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 0.005 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Meliarachin K | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 91.4 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Meliarachin G | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 82 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 12-Dehydroneoazedarachin D | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 11.8 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Trichilinin D | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 61.2 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Cinnamoyltrichilinin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 5.8 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Salannin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 67.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Ohchinin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 56.3 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Ohchinin–acetate | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 9.9 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchinin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 54.8 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Ohchininolide | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 31.7 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchininolide | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 14.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 23-Methoxyohchininolide A | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 4.9 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 23-Hydroxyohchininolide | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 25.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoyl-23-hydroxyohchininolide | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 12.6 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 21-Hydroxyisoohchininolide | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 22.7 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 17-Defurano-17-oxoohchinin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 50.4 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoyl-28-oxoohchinin | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 22.7 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Ohchinolal | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 39.2 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Mesendanin E | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 32.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 1-Benzoyl-1-detigloylohchinolal | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 5.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| 1-Cinnamoyl-1-detigloylohchinolal | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 8.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Nimbolinin D | HL-60 cells | IC50 = 5.4 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Ovarian cancer | ||||||
| Toosendanin | CAVO-3, SKOV-3 cells | 500 nM | In vitro | Inhibiting invasion and migration | Li et al. (2018a) | |
| Toosendanin | CAVO-3, ES-2 cells | 500 nM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Li et al. (2019) | |
| Toosendanin | CAVO-3, A2870 cells | 500 nM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Li et al. (2018b) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatone | SKOV-3 cells | ED50 = 13.7 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SKOV-3cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatin | SKOV-3 cells | ED50 = 0.25 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SKOV-3cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Acetoxyamoorastatin | SKOV-3 cells | ED50 = 0.02 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SKOV-3cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | ||||||
| Toosendanin | SMMC-7721 and Hep3B cells; BALB/c mice | IC50 = 0.5 µM; IC50 = 0.9 µM, 0.69 mg/kg/day for 15 days/i.p | In vitro and in vivo | Inducing apoptosis | He et al. (2010) | |
| Toosendanin | SMMC-7721, Hep3B cells | 0.5 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis | Liu et al. (2016) | |
| 12-Ethoxynimbolinins G | SMMC-7721 cells | IC50 = 27.6 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SMMC-7721 cells | Zhang et al. (2018) | |
| 1,12-Diacetyltrichilin B | SMMC-7721 cells | IC50 = 0.36 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SMMC-7721 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Trichilinin E | HepG2 cells | IC50 = 6.9 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells | Zhou et al. (2016) | |
| Breast cancer | ||||||
| Toosendanin | MCF-7/ADM cells | 50 nM; 0.69 mg/kg/every 2 days for 15 days/i.p | In vitro and in vivo | Inducing apoptosis | Wang et al. (2018) | |
| Trichilinin B | SK-BR-3 cells | IC50 = 45.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SK-BR-3 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 21-Hydroxyisoohchininolide | SK-BR-3 cells | IC50 = 91.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SK-BR-3 cells | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| Toosendansin H | MCF-7 cells | 6.25 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Li et al. (2020b) | |
| Meliatoxin B1 | MCF-7 cells | 6.25 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Li et al. (2020b) | |
| 1,12-Diacetyltrichilin B | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 0.06 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Meliarachin C | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 90.4 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Trichilinin D | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 41.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Salannin | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 88.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchinin | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 14.9 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoylohchininolide | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 54.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-O-Decinnamoyl-1-O-benzoyl-23-hydroxyohchininolide | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 4.3 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 21-Hydroxyisoohchininolide | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 91.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Ohchinolal | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 94.4 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Mesendanin E | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 70.5 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-Benzoyl-1-detigloylohchinolal | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 85.0 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| 1-Cinnamoyl-1-detigloylohchinolal | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 94.8 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Nimbolinin D | MCF-7 cells | IC50 = 60.8 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells | Akihisa et al. (2013) | |
| Ewing’s sarcoma | ||||||
| Toosendanin | SK-ES-1 cells | 25, 50 µM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Gao et al. (2019) | |
| Neuroma | ||||||
| Toosendanin | PC12 cells | 0.87 µM | In vitro | Inducing apoptosis | Tang et al. (2004) | |
| Lymphoma | ||||||
| Toosendanin | U937 cells | 0.87 µM | In vitro | Suppressing the cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis | Zhang et al. (2005a) | |
| 12-Deacetyltrichilin I | P388 cells | IC50 = 0.011 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| 1-Acetyltrichilin H | P388 cells | IC50 = 0.47 µg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| 3-Deacetyltrichilin H | P388 cells | IC50 = 0.045 µg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| 1-Acetyl-3-deacetyltrichilin H | P388 cells | IC50 = 0.4 µg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| 1-Acetyl-2-deacetyltrichilin H | P388 cells | IC50 = 0.66 µg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| Meliatoxin B1 | P388 cells | IC50 = 5.4 µg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| Trichilin H | P388 cells | IC50 = 0.16 µg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| Trichilin D | P388 cells | IC50 = 0.055 µg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| 1,12-Diacetyltrichilin B | P388 cells | IC50 = 0.46 µg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Takeya et al. (1996b) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | ||||||
| Toosendanin | PANC-1, AsPC-1 cells; BALB/c mice | 200 nM; 0.2 mg/kg/day for 28 days/i.p | In vitro and in vivo | Inhibiting tumorous growth, inhibit migration and invasion, reversing EMT | Pei et al. (2017) | |
| Oral epithelial carcinoma | ||||||
| Trichilin H | KB cells | IC50 = 0.11 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Tada et al. (1999) | |
| Toosendanin | KB cells | IC50 = 3.82 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Tada et al. (1999) | |
| 12-O-Methylvolkensin | KB cells | IC50 = 8.72 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against P388 cells | Tada et al. (1999) | |
| Cervical carcinoma | ||||||
| 15-O-Deacetylnimbolidin B | HeLa S3 cells | IC50 = 0.1 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against Hela S3 cells | Zhou et al. (2005) | |
| 12-O-Deacetyltrichilin H | HeLa S3 cells | IC50 = 0.48 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against Hela S3 cells | Zhou et al. (2005) | |
| 15-O-Deacetyl-15-O-methylnimbolidin A | HeLa S3 cells | IC50 = 37.4 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against Hela S3 cells | Zhou et al. (2005) | |
| 15-O-Deacetyl-15-O-methylnimbolidin B | HeLa S3 cells | IC50 = 28.3 µM | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against Hela S3 cells | Zhou et al. (2005) | |
| Melanoma | ||||||
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatone | SK-MEL-2 cells | IC50 = 0.38 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-2 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatin | SK-MEL-2 cells | IC50 = 0.01 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-2 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Acetoxyamoorastatin | SK-MEL-2 cells | IC50 = 0.0007 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-2 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| Central nervous system tumors | ||||||
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatone | XF498 cells | IC50 = 2 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against XF498 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatin | XF498 cells | IC50 = 0.02 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against XF498 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| 12-Acetoxyamoorastatin | XF498 cells | IC50 = 0.007 μg/ml | In vitro | Cytotoxicity against XF498 cells | Ahn et al. (1994) | |
| Antifeeding and insecticide effects | ||||||
| Toosendanin | M. separate | LC50 = 252.23 μg/ml | In vitro | Causing the destruction of midgut epithelial cells, leading to the regurgitation, paralysis | Li et al. (2020a) | |
| Toosendanin | A. aegypti | LC50 = 60.8 μg/ml | In vitro | Disrupting yolk deposition in oocytes, blood ingestion and digestion, and ovary ecdysteroid production | Ma et al. (2013) | |
| Toosendanin | B. plicatilis | 1.76–2.59 mg m−3 | In vitro | Inhibiting digestive enzymes including pepsase and tryptase | Huang et al. (2017) | |
| Toosendanin | S. oryzae, C. ferrugineus | LC50 = 675 and 875 ppm, respectively | In vitro | Reducing fecundity and expelling parasite | Xie et al. (1995) | |
| Toosendanin | S. mytilus | LC50 = 6.4 μg/L | In vitro | Reducing the population density and fecundity | Xu et al. (2019) | |
| Toosendanin | P. rapae | 100–1,000 μg/ml | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | ||
| Toosendanin | P. rapae | 3 μg/piece | In vitro | Reducing activity of microsomal multifunctional oxidase, protease, intestinal acetylase | Zhang and Zhao (1992a) | |
| Toosendanin | P. rapae | 400 ppm | In vitro | Destructing midgut tissue | Zhang and Zhao (1991) | |
| Toosendanin | P. rapae | 2 μg/piece | In vitro | Interfering physiological metabolism and inhibiting respiratory center | Zhang et al. (1992b) | |
| Azedarachin A | S. eridania | MIC = 200 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Zhou et al. (1996) | |
| Nimbolidin F | S. eridania | MIC = 500 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Zhou et al. (1997) | |
| Ohchinolide C | S. eridania | MIC = 500 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Zhou et al. (1997) | |
| Salannin | S. eridania | MIC = 500 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Zhou et al. (1997) | |
| Nimbolidin C | S. eridania | MIC = 500 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (1996) | |
| Nimbolidin D | S. eridania | MIC = 500 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (1996) | |
| Nimbolidin E | S. eridania | MIC = 500 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (1996) | |
| Nimbolidin B | S. eridania | MIC = 500 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (1996) | |
| Toosendanin | S. littoralis | MIC = 200 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (2000) | |
| Nimbolinin A | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (2000) | |
| Nimbolinin C | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (2000) | |
| Nimbolinin D | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (2000) | |
| Nimbolinin B | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (2000) | |
| Trichilinin D | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (2000) | |
| Trichilinin E | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (2000) | |
| 1-O-Cinnamoyltrichilinin | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (2000) | |
| 1-Deoxy-3-tigloyl-11-methoxymeliacarpinin | S. exigua | 3 μg/cm2 | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani et al. (1993) | |
| Trichilinin B | S. eridania | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Trichilinin C | S. eridania | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatin | S. eridania | MIC = 150 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Toosendanin | S. eridania | MIC = 300 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 12-O-Acetylazedarachin A | S. eridania | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 13-O-Acetylazedarachin A | S. littoralis | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Azedarachin B | S. littoralis | MIC = 200 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 12-O-Acetylazedarachin B | S. eridania | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Trichilin B | S. eridania | MIC = 200 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Trichilin H | S. eridania | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Trichilin I | S. eridania | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Trichilin J | S. eridania | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Trichilin K | S. eridania | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Trichilin L | S. eridania | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 1-Acetyltrichilin H | S. littoralis | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 12-Hydroxyamoorastatone | S. eridania | MIC = 250 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Isotoosendanin | S. littoralis | MIC = 300 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Neoazedarachin A | S. littoralis | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Neoazedarachin B | S. littoralis | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Neoazedarachin D | S. littoralis | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 1-Deacetylnimbolinin A | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 2-Deacetylnimbolinin B | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Ohchinolide B | S. eridania | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Ohchinolide C | S. eridania | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 3-O-Acetylohchinolal | S. eridania | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Meliacarpinin A | S. eridania | MIC = 50 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Meliacarpinin C | S. eridania | MIC = 50 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Meliacarpinin D | S. eridania | MIC = 50 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| Spirosendan | S. littoralis | MIC = 1,000 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Nakatani (1999) | |
| 1-Cinnamoyl-3-acetyl-11-hydroxymeliacarpin | S. littoralis | EC50 = 0.27 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Bohnenstengel et al. (1999) | |
| Toosendanin | P. rapae | AFC50 = 0.21 mM | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Wang et al. (2020a) | |
| Isotoosendanin | P. rapae | AFC50 = 0.46 mM | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Wang et al. (2020a) | |
| 12α-Hydroxyamoorastatone | P. rapae | AFC50 = 0.64 mM | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Wang et al. (2020a) | |
| Mesendanin H | P. rapae | AFC50 = 0.11 mM | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Wang et al. (2020a) | |
| Meliatoosenin E | P. rapae | AFC50 = 1.03 mM | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Wang et al. (2020a) | |
| 3-O-Acetylohchinolal | P. rapae | AFC50 = 0.89 mM | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Wang et al. (2020a) | |
| Salannin | P. rapae | AFC50 = 1.35 mM | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Wang et al. (2020a) | |
| Ohchinal | P. rapae | AFC50 = 1.79 mM | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Wang et al. (2020a) | |
| 12α-Hydroxyamoorastatone | E. paenulata | LD50 = 0.76 μg/cm2 | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding and death | Carpinella et al. (2003) | |
| Azadirachtin | E. paenulata | LD50 = 1.24 μg/cm2 | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding and death | Carpinella et al. (2003) | |
| Toosendanin | E. paenulata | ED50 = 3.69 μg/cm2 | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Carpinella et al. (2003) | |
| Azedarachin A | S. exigua | MIC = 200 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Huang et al. (1994) | |
| 12-O-Acetylazedarachin A | S. exigua | MIC = 400 ppm | In vitro | Inducing antifeeding | Huang et al. (1994) | |
| Anti-botulinum effect | ||||||
| Toosendanin | mice | 9 mg/kg i.p | In vivo | Causing submicroscopic changes of presynaptic motor nerve endings | Xiong (1985) | |
| Toosendanin | KM mice | 8 mg/kg i.p | In vivo | Making the synaptosomes completely resistant to botulinum neurotoxin A-mediated cleavage of SNAP-25 | Zhou et al. (2003) | |
| Toosendanin | PC12 cells | 35 μM | In vitro | Delaying channel formation and reducing the sizes of the channels | Li and Shi (2006) | |
| Toosendanin | mice | 10–5 g/ml | In vivo | Prolonging the paralysis time of botulism specimens | Li and Sun (1983) | |
| Toosendanin | rats | 8 mg/kg i.p | In vivo | Prolonging the paralysis time of botulism specimens | Li and Sun (1983) | |
| Toosendanin | rats | 7 mg/kg i.h | In vivo | Increasing the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials | Shih and Hsu (1983) | |
| Anti-inflammatory effects | ||||||
| 1-O-Tigloyl-1-O-deacetyl-nimbolinin B | BV-2 cells | IC50 = 7.892 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory via blocking the activation of NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways | Tao et al. (2014) | |
| Trichilinin B | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 29.2 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 3-Deacetyl-28-oxosalannolactone | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 86 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| Ohchinin | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 28.7 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 23-Hydroxyohchininolide | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 58.6 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| 21-Hydroxyisoohchininolide | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 87.3 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Pan et al. (2014b) | |
| Toosendane B | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 21.3 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Hu et al. (2018) | |
| Toosendane C | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 20.7 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Hu et al. (2018) | |
| Ohchinin | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 28.7 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Akihisa et al. (2017) | |
| Salannin | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 27.9 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory via reducing the expression of iNOS and COX-2 | Akihisa et al. (2017) | |
| Nimbolinin D | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 24.4 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Akihisa et al. (2017) | |
| Mesendanin E | RAW 264.7 cells | IC50 = 23.8 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Akihisa et al. (2017) | |
| 12-Ethoxynimbolinin A | HepG2 cells | 10 μM | In vitro | Suppressing NF-κB activation | Zhu et al. (2014) | |
| Nimbolinin C | HepG2 cells | 10 μM | In vitro | Suppressing NF-κB activation | Zhu et al. (2014) | |
| 1-O-Tigloyl-1-O-debenzoylohchinal | HepG2 cells | 10 μM | In vitro | Suppressing NF-κB activation | Zhu et al. (2014) | |
| 1-Acetyltrichilinin | HepG2 cells | 10 μM | In vitro | Suppressing NF-κB activation | Zhu et al. (2014) | |
| Trichilinin B | HepG2 cells | 10 μM | In vitro | Suppressing NF-κB activation | Zhu et al. (2014) | |
| 1-O-Cinnamoyltrichilinin | HepG2 cells | 10 μM | In vitro | Suppressing NF-κB activation | Zhu et al. (2014) | |
| Trichilinin D | HepG2 cells | 10 μM | In vitro | Suppressing NF-κB activation | Zhu et al. (2014) | |
| Isotoosendanin | Mice | 100 mg/kg | In vivo | Inhibiting acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and λ-carrageenan induced hind paw edema | Xie et al. (2008) | |
| 1-O-Tigloyl-1-O-debenzoylohchinal | Mice | 100 mg/kg | In vivo | Inhibiting acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and λ-carrageenan induced hind paw edema | Xie et al. (2008) | |
| Meliazedalides B | RAW 264.7 | 37.41 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Qiu et al. (2019) | |
| 1-O-benzoyl-3-O-deactylnim-bolinin C | BV-2 cells | 21.95 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Park et al. (2020) | |
| 3-Deacetyl-12-O-methylvolkensin | BV-2 cells | 21.37 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Park et al. (2020) | |
| 12-O-Methyl-1-O-deacetyl-nimbolinin | BV-2 cells | 23.16 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Park et al. (2020) | |
| Trichilinin B | BV-2 cells | 15.28 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Park et al. (2020) | |
| 1-O-Cinnamoyltrichilinin | BV-2 cells | 7.73 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Park et al. (2020) | |
| 1-Acetyltrichilinin | BV-2 cells | 20.61 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Park et al. (2020) | |
| 12α-Hydroxyamoorastatone | BV-2 cells | 26.75 μM | In vitro | Inhibiting LPS-stimulated inflammatory | Park et al. (2020) | |
| Toosendanin | Mice | 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg i.p. for 7 days | In vivo | Alleviating DSS-induced colitis via inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization and regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling | Fan et al. (2019) | |
| Antibacterial and antifungal effects | ||||||
| 1α,7α-Ditigloyloxy-3α-acetoxyl-12α-ethoxylnimbolinin | P. gingivalis | MIC = 15.2 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against P. gingivalis | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| 1α-Tigloyloxy-3α-acetoxyl-7α-hydroxyl-12β-ethoxylnimbolinin | P. gingivalis | MIC = 31.25 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against P. gingivalis | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| 12-Ethoxynimbolinins C | P. gingivalis | MIC = 15.6 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against P. gingivalis | Zhang et al. (2007) | |
| 1-O-Cinnamoyltrichilinin | P. gingivalis | MIC = 31.3 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against P. gingivalis | Zhang et al. (2007) | |
| Trichilinin B | P. gingivalis | MIC = 31.5 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against P. gingivalis | Zhang et al. (2007) | |
| 7-Cinnamoyltoosendanin | M. luteus | MIC = 6.25 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against M. luteus | Liu et al. (2011) | |
| 7-Cinnamoyltoosendanin | B. subtilis | MIC = 25 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against B. subtilis | Liu et al. (2011) | |
| Meliarachin D | S. aureus | MIC = 50 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against S. aureus | Su et al. (2011) | |
| Meliarachin D | B. subtilis | MIC = 50 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against B. subtilis | Su et al. (2011) | |
| Meliarachin H | B. subtilis | MIC = 25 μg/ml | In vitro | Inhibitory effects against B. subtilis | Su et al. (2011) | |