Table 3.
Marginal estimate means (standard errors) of risk and protective factors between intervention (tx) and control participants
| Posttest | 1-year follow-up | 2-year follow-up | 3-year follow-up | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Control M (SE) | Tx M (SE) | F(1, 548) | Control M (SE) | Tx M (SE) | F(1, 542) | Control M (SE) | Tx M (SE) | F(1, 531) | Control M (SE) | Tx M (SE) | F(1, 536) |
| Depression | 0.75 | 0.99 | 4.67* | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.59 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 0.45 |
| (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.12) | |||||
| Anxiety | 0.61 | 0.88 | 1.98 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.97 | 0.38 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 1.07 |
| (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.11) | (0.13) | |||||
| Coping | 2.99 | 2.92 | 1.12 | 3.00 | 2.95 | 1.32 | 2.92 | 2.96 | 2.24 | 2.85 | 2.99 | 2.48* |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.07) | |||||
| Goal setting | 2.06 | 1.97 | 1.76 | 2.10 | 1.98 | 2.10 | 2.17 | 1.89 | 2.01 | 2.24 | 1.95 | 2.04 |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.10) | (0.08) | (0.10) | (0.08) | (0.10) | |||||
| Problem solving | 3.19 | 3.07 | 0.02 | 3.21 | 3.09 | 0.08 | 3.10 | 3.11 | 0.77 | 3.18 | 3.17 | 0.97 |
| (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.09) | |||||
| Media literacy | 3.07 | 3.35 | 3.56 | 3.17 | 3.42 | 2.39 | 3.08 | 3.51 | 3.54* | 3.27 | 3.48 | 2.53* |
| (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.08) | |||||
| Self-efficacy | 3.07 | 3.00 | 0.36 | 2.98 | 3.10 | 5.12** | 2.97 | 3.13 | 5.32*** | 3.09 | 3.15 | 3.61* |
| (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.07) | |||||
| Social self-efficacy | 3.15 | 2.85 | 0.16 | 2.94 | 3.15 | 3.09* | 2.97 | 3.10 | 2.96* | 3.07 | 3.18 | 2.65* |
| (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.09) | (0.11) | |||||
| Peer use | 0.28 | 0.36 | 1.16 | 2.85 | 2.53 | 0.24 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.73 |
| (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.39) | (0.44) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.09) | |||||
| Refusal skills | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol | 2.67 | 3.05 | 5.67* | 2.88 | 2.92 | 1.71 | 2.93 | 3.14 | 0.93 | 3.27 | 2.94 | 1.04 |
| (0.15) | (0.17) | (0.15) | (0.17) | (0.14) | (0.17) | (0.14) | (0.17) | |||||
| Marijuana | 3.57 | 3.34 | 3.76 | 3.35 | 3.46 | 2.37 | 3.19 | 3.49 | 3.17* | 3.04 | 3.37 | 2.38* |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.09) | (0.11) | |||||
| Tobacco | 2.21 | 2.97 | 4.91* | 2.60 | 2.90 | 1.22 | 2.79 | 3.00 | 1.45 | 2.95 | 3.02 | 0.87 |
| (0.16) | (0.18) | (0.16) | (0.19) | (0.15) | (0.18) | (0.15) | (0.18) | |||||
Notes: Generalized linear model (GLM) repeated measures assessed the effect of intervention on risk and protective factors from baseline to each of the follow-up measurements (i.e., posttest, 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year post intervention), controlling for demographic variables. At posttest, control n = 299 and intervention n = 255; at 1-year follow-up, control n = 286 and intervention n = 262; at 2-year follow-up, control n = 287 and intervention n = 250; at 3-year follow-up, control n = 303 and intervention n = 269.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001.