Table 1.
Summary of measures and instruments
| Constructs | Measures | Source | Scoring and interpretation | Used at | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antenatal | Postpartum follow up | ||||
| Sociodemographic profile | Household composition and household equipment | DHS (adapted) [10] |
18 items Multiple choices |
• | |
| Main and current occupation |
6 items various: multiple choice, yes/no, open |
||||
| Social status (Subjective) | MacArthur’s Subjective social Status Scale [11] |
1 item 10-point scale; computed a subscale for participants who rated themselves 3 or Less |
|||
| Grades passed and level of education | The Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik / Warner- Matrix of Education |
2 items Number of grades passed and highest level of education attained |
|||
| Prenatal information | Prenatal information: Previous pregnancies, current pregnancy planned, current pregnancy unwanted, preconception weight, height, health conditions during current pregnancy, current pregnancy single/multiple, antenatal healthcare visits, long-term medications, rubella & tetanus vaccination, supplementation, ultrasound during pregnancy, intention to breastfeed |
Reproductive health and pre-natal information Adapted from: South Asian Birth Cohort (START) [12] and the Millennium Study |
21 items Various: multiple choice, yes/no, open |
• | |
| Attitudes toward physical punishments [13] |
Attitudes toward spanking Deater-deckard et al. |
5 items; Likert scale 1-5 Higher scores indicate higher endorsement |
|||
| Characteristics of the father | Cohabitation status, age of the father, education, occupation, employment status, ethnicity |
Adapted from: South Asian Birth Cohort (START) [12] Millennium Cohort Study (NatCen 2003) |
10 items; Various: multiple choice, yes/no, open |
• | |
| Community characteristics |
Neighborhood cohesion Neighborhood Closeness Neighborhood disorder Neighborhood ties |
Neighborhood and Violent Crime Scale [14] |
5 items; scored 1–4 4 items; scored 1–4 9 items; scored 1–4 2 items; scored 1–5 (total items: 20) |
• | |
| Adverse childhood experiences |
Household member alcoholic/substance user, Household member mentally ill, Household member imprisoned, Parental divorce, Household dysfunction, Emotional abuse, Physical abuse, Sexual abuse, Physical neglect |
WHO ACE-IQ (adapted) Questionnaire [15] |
18 itemsa; Mixed: Yes/No, 4-point Likert scale 1–4 |
• | |
| Social relationships | Partner supportiveness | Parent relationship quality and children’s behaviour [16] |
5 items; 5-point Likert scale: 1-5 |
• | |
| Intimate partner violence | WHO Multi-country Study on women Health & Domestic Violence against Women (VAWI) [17] |
13 items; Lifetime prevalence: Yes/No Prevalence during last 6 months: Likert scale 1-4 Categories: Physical-6 items, emotional-4 items, sexual- 3 items |
• | ||
| Social support | The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [18] |
12 items; Subscales: Family, friends, significant other 5-point Likert scale: 1–5 |
• | ||
| Psychological traits and mental health | Well-being | WHO-5 (five) well-being Index [19] |
5 items; 6-Point Likert scale: 0-5 score out of 25, then multiplied by 4: 0–100. 100 signifying best imaginable wellbeing |
• | • |
| Depression | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [20]. The Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised |
9 items 4-point Likert scale Possible scores 0-27 (Cut-off ≥ 10 for presence of depression) |
• | ||
| Suicidality | SBQ-R [21] |
1 item; 5-point Likert scale: 0–4 |
• | ||
| Perceived stress | Perceived Stress Scale [22] |
10 items; 4-point Likert scale 1–4 |
• | ||
| Aggression | The Brief Aggression Questionnaire |
12 items; 4 subscales of 3 items each to measure trait aggression: physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. 5-point Likert scale 1–5 |
• | ||
| Adult ADHD symptoms | Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: ASRS version 1.1 (adapted) [23] |
3 items; 5-point Likert scale: 1–5 |
• | ||
| Project on social Development from Childhood to Adulthood |
2 items 5-point Likert scale 1–5 |
• | |||
| Self-control | Brief Self-Control scale (adapted) [24] | 8 items Likert scale 1-5 | |||
| Substance use |
Alcohol use, Smoking, Substance use |
Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) – Adapted version WHO ASSIST Working Group (2002) [25] |
9 items Lifetime Prevalence: Yes/No 6-month prevalence: Likert scale 1–5 |
• | |
| Prenatal attachment | Pregnancy Related beliefs | Prenatal Attachment Inventory–Revised [26] | 18 items; 4-point Likert scale 1–4 | • | |
| Mother’s birth memories | Mother’s subjective emotional experience of birth | Birth Memories & Recall Questionnaire-adapted (BirthMARQ) [27] | 5 Items; 7-point Likert scale: 1–7 | ˗ | • |
| New-Born’s Constructs & Measures | |||||
| New-born’s Health & Well-being |
Birth weight, Length, Occipito-frontal head circumference Mode of childbirth, Full-term/premature birth, ICU admission, Illness since birth |
Norwegian Mother & Child Cohort study [28] | Various: multiple choice, yes/no, open | - | • |
|
Time of initiation of mother-child contact, Breastfeeding, |
Questionnaire for Breastfeeding Mothers [29] |
4 items; Multiple choice |
˗ | • | |
aWhereas other sites in EBLS used 19 out of 31 questions from the ACE-IQ questionnaire