Table 2.
Summary of findings at baseline N = 150
| Baseline maternal measures (N = 150) | Mean (SD) or N % |
|---|---|
| Sociodemographic profile | |
| Age (years) | 27.29 (5.18) |
| Education | |
| Years of education | 7.77 (4.79) |
| Occupation: | |
| Housewife | 121 (82.3%) |
| Employed | 26 (17.7%) |
| Socio-economic status | |
|
McArthur Subjective Social Status Scale ≤ 3 (Range 1-10; higher score denotes perceived higher social status) |
44 (29.5%) |
| Mean household effects (assets) Max. score: 16 | 6.55 (1.86) |
| Prenatal health and attitudes | |
| Obstetric history | |
| Parity | 2.28 (1.54) |
| Nulliparous | 12 (8%) |
| Unplanned pregnancy | 92 (62.2%) |
| Access to basic health facilities | |
| Access to ultrasound | 145 (97%) |
| At least one antenatal check-up in the 1st trimester of pregnancy | 120 (80%) |
| Intention to breastfeed | 148 (98.6%) |
| Intended duration of breastfeeding (months) | 16.50 (9.24) |
| Attitudes toward physical punishment | |
| Believes spanking does not harm children | 37 (24.6%) |
| Characteristics of the husband | |
| Living with the participant (not away because of employment/divorce etc.) | 138 (93.9%) |
| Age | 32.14 (6.98) |
| Education | 9.40 (4.80) |
| Husband held a paid job in last 12 months | 140 (93.9%) |
| Community characteristics | |
| Neighborhood cohesion (1–4; higher score means more cohesion) | 2.09 (0.83) |
| Neighborhood intergenerational closeness (1–4; higher score means more closeness) | 2.22 (0.75) |
| Neighborhood disorder (1-4; higher score means more disordered neighborhood) | 1.74 (0.62) |
| Drunk/intoxicated people on street | 34 (23%) |
| Vandalism in neighborhood | 30 (20%) |
| Litter on streets | 85 (57%) |
| Neighborhood ties | 1.93 (0.90) |
| Adverse childhood experiences* | |
| ACE-IQ score | 1.87 (1.90) |
| Any ACE item experienced | 119 (81%) |
| ≥ 4 ACE items experienced | 38 (21.8%) |
| Physical | 39 (26.6%) |
| Emotional | 39 (26.6%) |
| Sexual | 7 (4.8%) |
| Household member violently treated | 81 (55.1%) |
| Physical neglect | 36 (24.5%) |
| Alcoholic/drug abuser household member | 12 (8.2%) |
| Depressed suicidal/mentally ill household member | 9 (6.3%) |
| Imprisoned household member | 9 (6.1%) |
| Parents ever separated or divorced | 7 (4.8%) |
| Social relationships | |
| Partner supportiveness/relationship score (max score of 5—higher the score, higher the level of support) | 4.17 (0.87) |
| Intimate partner violence frequency | |
| IPV-LT (any form) | 68 (46.3%) |
| Pregnancy-IPV (any form) | 46 (31.3%) |
| Physical | 18 (12.2%) |
| Sexual | 13 (8.8%) |
| Emotional | 38 (25.9%) |
| Perceived social support (mean, SD; max score of 5. Higher score indicates higher perception of support) | |
| Social support from family | 4.06 (0.92) |
| Social support from friends | 3.53 (1.15) |
| Maternal wellbeing, mental health and other constructs | |
| Wellbeing WHO-5 (0-100, higher score means higher wellbeing) | 49.41 (32.20) |
| Depression (PHQ-9) (mean, SD; score 0–27) | 8.23 (7.0) |
| Depressed (≥ 10) | 56 (38.1%) |
| Moderate depression (10–14) | 35 (23.8%) |
| Moderately severe depression (15–19) | 16 (10.9%) |
| Severe depression (20–27) | 5 (3.4%) |
| Perceived stress scores (Max. score of 4. Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress) | 2.14 (0.58) |
| Stress more than every second day | 40 (27%) |
| Aggression scores (1-5; higher means higher aggression) | 2.09 (0.55) |
| Self-reported adult ADHD (Max. score of 5) | 1.70 (0.63) |
| Self-control (max. score of 5. Higher scores indicate higher level of self-control) | 4.14 (0.58) |
| Substance use | |
| Lifetime prevalence | 12 (8.2%) |
| 6 month prevalence | 12 (8.2%) |
| Substances used | |
| Tobacco | 9 (6.2%) |
| Sleeping pills | 2 (1.33%) |
| Other | 1 (0.66%) |
| Prenatal attachment | |
| Anticipation (max score of 4. Higher scores indicate higher levels of attachment) | 2.29 (0.73) |
| Almost never Imagine calling baby by name | 71 (47.3%) |
| Almost always wonder what baby looks like | 42 (28.1%) |
| Differentiation (max score of 4. Higher scores indicate higher levels of attachment) | 1.99 (0.65) |
| Almost never think the baby has a personality | 78 (51.7%) |
| Almost always thought her actions affected baby | 66 (43.8%) |
| Interaction (max score of 4. Higher scores indicate higher levels of attachment) | 1.95 (0.66) |
| Almost never let other people put their hands on the abdomen | 128 (84.9%) |
| Almost always enjoy the baby move | 91 (60.3%) |