Table 2.

Strategies used to identify loneliness and social isolation among older adults in primary care services

Detection strategies	Loneliness	Social isolation
Scales	UCLA†*31 36 59 60 67 79 71 De Jong Gierveld*65 77	DUKE UNC*31 72 Lubben’s Social Network Scale*59
	Tilburg Frailty indicator (loneliness sub item)*65 68
	Campaign to End Loneliness Tool*38
	INQ-Belong*56
Item in a questionnaire	‘Do you feel lonely nowadays?’ (yes very, yes rather, no I don’t)*63 Feeling lack of companionship†61 ‘I feel lonely (yes/no)’†56	Have problems related to social isolation*64 Self-reported involvement in social activities community belonging*38
	‘Do you suffer from loneliness?’†58 59
Question during clinical encounter	‘Do you feel lonely?’†55
Electronic medical records	Search lonely patients in EMR†57	Search isolated patients in EMR†57
Indirect strategies	Inviting older adults age >60†26 31 60 65 67 68 74	Older adults with low mobility, architectural barriers†32 70
	Considering at risk older adults living alone†61 74	Attending mental health services†75
	Consultation gap >3 years†34
	Physical limitations, low income, mild mental disabilities or recently widowed†62
Not disclosed	33 36 38 66 69 71 73 78

*Assessment of loneliness and social isolation as outcome measure of the study during the interventions.

†Identification strategies to recruit older adults for loneliness and social isolation interventions.

EMR, Electronic Medical Record; INQ, Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire; UCLA, University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale.