Table 3.

Muscle strength differences in the whole cohort (n=409), and between males and females over 10-year follow-up period

		Whole dataset	Male	Female	Male VS female P value
Hand grip (psi)	Baseline	12.3±2.99	14.4±2.53	10.3±1.77	2.76*10-14
	2.6-years	10.1±2.93	11.9±2.59	8.43±2.15	1.03*10-4
	5-years	11.7±4.35	13.9±4.36	9.37±2.92	2.13*10-5
	10-years	10.8±3.64	12.8±3.62	8.91±2.45	3.12*10-4
Decline/year (psi/year)		0.09	0.09	0.09
P value		0.0002	1.2*10-14	1.46*10-14
Knee extension (kg)	Baseline	31.55±11.3	38.2±9.19	24.8±9.12	2.74*10-18
	2.6-years	33.2±11.0	38.8±9.17	27.6±9.71	2.36*10-12
	5-years	34.3±10.3	39.5±8.69	29.2±9.2	1.52*10-14
	10-years	31.54±11.3	38.5±12.6	24.7±9.32	8.28*10-7
Decline/year (kg/year)		0.02	0.002	0.067
P value		0.58	0.50	0.20
Leg strength (kg)	Baseline	96.0±52.6	132±46.3	59.6±27.7	1.82*10-4
	2.6-years	96.7±53.4	133±46.5	60.1±29.5	5.36*10-4
	5-years	87.3±54.4	124±47.6	50.1±30.1	3.48*10-5
	10-years	70.4±43.9	95.3±43.6	45.4±26.8	3.71*10-4
Decline/year (Kg/year)		2.57	3.68	1.47
P value		8.49*10-15	2.0*10-16	2.09*10-8

Values are mean ± SD for muscle strength measurement at baseline, 2.6-, 5-, and 10-year follow-up phases. P values for muscle strength differences between males and females at each follow-up points were obtained by using the linear regression (lm) method in R; psi pounds per square inch, kg kilogram