Table 1.
Comparison of registration and navigation performance between surgeons and laymen (nDD: navigated Direction Deviation, nED: navigated Entry Point Deviation, pDD: performed Direction Deviation, pED: performed Entry Point Deviation).
| Parameters | Surgeons | Laymen | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pedicle perforations | |||
| Grad A and B (<2 mm) | 97.5% (39/40) | 97.5% (39/40) | 0.43 |
| Grad A | 80% (32/40) | 87.5% (35/40) | |
| Grad B | 17.5% (7/40) | 10% (4/40) | |
| Grad C | 0% | 0% | |
| Grad D | 2.5% (1/40) | 0% | |
| Grad E | 0% | 2.5% (1/40) | |
| Deviation from preoperative plan | |||
| nDD | 2.9 ± 1.5° | 2.2 ± 1.0° | 0.04 |
| nED | 3.1 ± 1.5mm | 3.7 ± 2.4mm | 0.25 |
| pDD | 7.0 ± 3.9° | 6.5 ± 3.8° | 0.61 |
| pED | 4.2 ± 2.8mm | 3.8 ± 2.5mm | 0.52 |
| Registration time [min] | 02:06 (00:56 to 06:48) | 02:30 (01:30 to 10:00) | 0.53 |
| Registration points collected | 555 ± 230.3 | 233.4 ± 144.8 | <0.01 |
| Registration RMSE | 2.37 ± 0.73mm | 1.78 ± 1.26mm | 0.012 |
| Navigation time [min] | 01:01 (00:15 to 03:00) | 01:37 (00:23 to 12:43) | <0.01 |
| Satisfaction (0-6) | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 0.47 |