Table 3.
Effect of the 3-year lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk factors and markers of kidney function
| Usual Care | Lifestyle Intervention | P Value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Baseline | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Baseline | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Weight, kg | 95 (91 to 99) | 97 (92 to 101)a | 98 (94 to 103)b | 98 (94 to 103)b | 93 (88 to 97) | 91 (86 to 95)a | 91 (87 to 96) | 92 (88 to 96) | 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 34 (32 to 35) | 34 (33 to 36)a | 35 (33 to 36)b | 35 (33 to 36)c | 33 (32 to 35) | 32 (31 to 34)a | 33 (31 to 34) | 33 (31 to 34) | 0.001 |
| Waist, cm | 110 (107 to 113) | 111 (107 to 114) | 113 (109 to 116)a | 113 (110 to 117)c | 109 (105 to 112) | 106 (103 to 110)a | 107 (104 to 111) | 109 (105 to 113) | 0.026 |
| Hip, cm | 114 (111 to 117) | 115 (113 to 118) | 117 (114 to 119)c | 117 (114 to 120)b | 114 (111 to 117) | 113 (110 to 116) | 114 (111 to 117) | 115 (112 to 118) | 0.03 |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.97 (0.95 to 0.98) | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.98) | 0.97 (0.95 to 0.99) | 0.97 (0.95 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.97) | 0.94 (0.93 to 0.96) | 0.94 (0.93 to 0.96) | 0.94 (0.93 to 0.97) | 0.61 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 140 (136 to 144) | 137 (132 to 142) | 139 (134 to 144) | 136 (130 to 142) | 137 (132 to 141) | 133 (128 to 138) | 136 (131 to 141) | 133 (127 to 140) | 0.99 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 82 (80 to 85) | 81 (78 to 84) | 82 (79 to 85) | 79 (76 to 83) | 80 (77 to 83) | 79 (76 to 82) | 79 (76 to 82) | 78 (75 to 82) | 0.67 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 39.7 (37.2 to 42.2) | 39.5 (37.0 to 42.1) | 37.4 (34.8 to 35.0) | 37.7 (35.0 to 40.5) | 39.8 (37.2 to 42.3) | 39.6 (37.0 to 42.2) | 37.7 (35.0 to 40.3) | 37.1 (34.3 to 39.9) | 0.96 |
| Creatinine, mmol/L | 145 (135 to 156) | 150 (139 to 161) | 160 (148 to 172) | 167 (155 to 180) | 144 (131 to 155) | 149 (137 to 160) | 162 (150 to 173) | 169 (156 to 182) | 0.96 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 5.9 (3.2 to 8.5) | 9.2 (6.2 to 12.2) | 7.0 (3.5 to 10.4) | 6.3 (1.8 to 10.9) | 6.8 (4.2 to 9.5) | 8.4 (5.5 to 11.3) | 6.6 (3.2 to 9.9) | 5.6 (1.3 to 9.9) | 0.89 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 6.8 (6.1 to 7.4) | 6.8 (6.1 to 7.4) | 7.0 (6.3 to 7.7) | 6.5 (5.6 to 7.3) | 7.0 (6.3 to 7.6) | 6.4 (5.7 to 7.0) | 6.7 (6.0 to 7.4) | 6.6 (5.8 to 7.4) | 0.47 |
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | 6.6 (6.2 to 6.9) | 6.8 (6.4 to 7.1) | 6.9 (6.5 to 7.3) | 6.9 (6.5 to 7.3) | 6.6 (6.3 to 7.0) | 6.7 (6.3 to 7.0) | 6.9 (6.6 to 7.3) | 6.9 (6.6 to 7.3) | 0.72 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.4 (4.2 to 4.7) | 4.3 (4.1 to 4.6) | 4.3 (4.0 to 4.6) | 4.3 (3.9 to 4.6) | 4.4 (4.1 to 4.6) | 4.2 (3.9 to 4.4) | 4.2 (4.0 to 4.5) | 4.0 (3.7 to 4.3) | 0.85 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.4) | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.3) | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.6) | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.5) | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9) | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) | 0.91 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.1(1.0 to 1.2) | 1.2(1.1 to 1.3) | 1.2(1.1 to 1.3) | 1.2(1.1 to 1.3) | 1.3(1.2 to 1.3) | 1.3(1.2 to 1.4) | 1.2(1.1 to 1.3) | 1.3(1.2 to 1.4) | 0.53 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.4 (2.2 to 2.6) | 2.4 (2.2 to 2.6) | 2.1 (1.9 to 2.4) | 2.2 (1.9 to 2.5) | 2.5 (2.3 to 2.7) | 2.3 (2.0 to 2.5) | 2.3 (2.1 to 2.5) | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.3) | 0.09 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.2 (12.9 to 13.6) | 13.1 (12.8 to 13.5) | 13.2 (12.6 to 13.4) | 13.0 (12.5 to 13.4) | 13.2 (12.8 to 13.5) | 13.1 (12.7 to 13.4) | 12.9 (12.6 to 13.3) | 12.9 (12.5 to 13.3) | 0.99 |
P values indicate group×time interaction by linear mixed-effects model adjusted for age and sex. Superscript letters indicate within-group significant difference from baseline. Variables are reported as mean (95% confidence intervals).
a
P<0.05.
b
P<0.001.
c
P<0.01.