Table 3.

Approaches to improve SIDKD

Approaches to Identify and Prevent SIDKD	Potential Diagnosis/Intervention
Primary prevention of kidney disease	Pregnancy counseling to avoid pregnancy complications, optimized nutrition of pregnant women, minimized exposure to nephrotoxins, healthy lifestyle, early diagnosis and treatment of systemic disorders (diabetes, amyloidosis, SLE) or infections (viral hepatitis, malaria, HIV, bacterial tonsillitis)
Recognizing primary ID as a cause of kidney disease	Clinical awareness, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of primary ID
Secondary prevention of progression of kidney disease	Disease-specific therapies; healthy lifestyle; smoking cessation; control of diabetes, BP, body weight, and metabolic acidosis; avoiding nephrotoxins and RAS/SGLT2 inhibitors; mineralocorticosteroid receptor antagonism (in diabetes); avoiding infections (vaccination) and rigorous treatment of infections
Identifying predominant pathomechanisms of SIDKD	Targeting specific pathomechanisms
Clinical trials testing potential interventions using primary end points

RAS, renin-angiotensin system; SGLT2, sodium-glucose transporter 2.