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. 2021 May 3;12(1):564–585. doi: 10.1080/21645698.2021.1917975

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 6. — Callus induction and plant regeneration from two wheat cultivars (AS-2002 and Wafaq-2001) and its response to various concentrations of Cu and Ag in salt and nanoparticles form supplemented with growth regulators and hormones. (a) Initial Callus formation (b) callus browning with higher doses of 2,4-D (c) Higher concentration of AgNPs causes callus browning (d) Excess amount of CuNPs promoting callus browning (e) embryogenic callus formation with optimized medium showing green spots (f) Morphology of developing roots (g) Regeneration in response to combined application of 0.015 mg/l CuNPs and 4 mg/l AgNPs (h) Fully developed shoots and branches (i) Toxic effects of Cu and AgNPs causes browning of callus and death of shoot initiation. (j) Fully developed mature plant with multiple shoots and roots system. (k) Regenerated well developed plants in ½ MS medium to improve root system. (l) Normal fertile plants grown in clay pots.