. 2022 Feb 3;15:321–330. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S330323

Table 1.

Biological Functions of GDM-Related Circulating miRNAs

Study	Groups/Number	Stage of Pregnancy (weeks)	miRNA	Target Pathway	Species	Source	Role/Biological Function
Xuegui Zhou¹⁶	108 GDM	24–28	miR-132	HTR-8/SVneo cells	Human	Serum and placenta	Promote the trophoblast cell proliferation
Xuegui Zhou¹⁶	50 CTRL	24–28	miR-132	HTR-8/SVneo cells	Human	Serum and placenta	Promote the trophoblast cell proliferation
Chun Zhao¹⁷	32 GDM	16–19	miR-132, miR-29a and miR-222	PCK2 in HepG2 cell lines.	Human	Serum	Decrease Insulin-induced gene 1 (Insig1)
Chun Zhao¹⁷	32 CTRL	16–19	miR-132, miR-29a and miR-222	PCK2 in HepG2 cell lines.	Human	Serum	Decrease Insulin-induced gene 1 (Insig1)
Carmen Pheiffer¹⁸	81	13–31	miR-20a-5p, miR-222-3p	–	Human	Serum	Various metabolic pathways, including insulin signaling.
Shuping Qi¹⁹	156	24–28	miR-185	–	Human	Serum and placental	Increase FPG, FINS, and HOMA-IR
Chun-Yi Guan²⁰	137GDM	24–28	miR-21-5p	PPAR-α	Human	Serum	Inhibits cell growth and infiltration, affect the placental function.
Chun-Yi Guan²⁰	158CTRL	24–28	miR-21-5p	PPAR-α	Human	Serum
Li Deng²¹	68GDM	24–28	miR-29a/b	–	Human	Serum	Neonatal pathologic jaundice
Li Deng²¹	55CTRL	24–28	miR-29a/b	–	Human	Serum	Neonatal pathologic jaundice
Songbo Fu²²	90 GDM	–	miR-875-5p	TXNRD1	Rat	Serum	Reduced FBG and insulin resistance, reduced expression levels of blood lipid and pro-inflammatory markers as well as reduced oxidative stress
Songbo Fu²²	10CTRL	–	miR-875-5p	TXNRD1	Rat	Serum
Guido Sebastiani²³	21 GDM	24–33	miR-330-3p	Directly be transferred from plasma to beta-cells	Human	Plasma	Modulating key target genes involved in proliferation, differentiation, and insulin secretion.
Guido Sebastiani²³	10 CTRL	24–33	miR-330-3p	Directly be transferred from plasma to beta-cells	Human	Plasma
Jianping Wang²⁴	102 GDM	24–28	miR-195-5p	–	Human	Serum	Fasting plasma glucose, one‐hour plasma glucose, two‐hour plasma glucose, and BMI
Jianping Wang²⁴	102 CRTL	24–28	miR-195-5p	–	Human	Serum
Sujuan Dai²⁵	67GDM	24–28	miR-2467	Adiponectin	Human	Serum	Increase (BMI), TC, TG, LDL-C, FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR
Sujuan Dai²⁵	60CTRL	24–28	miR-2467	Adiponectin	Human	Serum	Increase (BMI), TC, TG, LDL-C, FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR
Anja Elaine Sørensen²⁶	82GDM	<20,24–28,35-37	miR-16-5p, −29a-3p, and −134-5p	–	Human	Serum	Increase the incident of macrosomia
Anja Elaine Sørensen²⁶	41CRTL	<20,24–28,35-37	miR-16-5p, −29a-3p, and −134-5p	–	Human	Serum	Increase the incident of macrosomia
Lijun Liu²⁷	110 GDM	24–28	miR-1323	TP53INP1	Human	Blood	Promote the trophoblast cell viability under HG conditions
Lijun Liu²⁷	78CTRL	24–28	miR-1323	TP53INP1	Human	Blood	Promote the trophoblast cell viability under HG conditions
Hui Shen²⁸	25GDM	20–24	miR-181d	IRS-2	Human	Serum	Modulated the process of insulin signaling and cell viability and apoptosis in pancreatic β cells
Hui Shen²⁸	30CTRL	20–24	miR-181d	IRS-2	Human	Serum
Jie Wen²⁹	32 GDM	25–31	miR-520h	mTOR	Human	Serum	Inhibit cell viability and promote cell apoptosis
Jie Wen²⁹	48CTRL	25–31	miR-520h	mTOR	Human	Serum	Inhibit cell viability and promote cell apoptosis
Fuyan Wang³⁰	53GDM	24–28	miR-574-5p and miR-3135b	The metabolism of glucose and lipids, the insulin signaling pathway	Human	Plasma	Levels of blood glucose and LDL-C; HDL-C
Fuyan Wang³⁰	46CTRL	24–28	miR-574-5p and miR-3135b		Human	Plasma	Levels of blood glucose and LDL-C; HDL-C
Tao Zheng³¹	60	–	miR-23a-3p	NOV	Rat	Blood and adipocytes	Increase bodyweight, glucose level, insulin level
Alejandra Martínez-Ibarra³²	18GDM	28–40	miR-9-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-29a-3p and miR-330-3p	-	Human	Sera	Urinary MEHP and BPA increase
Alejandra Martínez-Ibarra³²	22CTRL	28–40	miR-9-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-29a-3p and miR-330-3p	-	Human	Sera	Urinary MEHP and BPA increase
H-X Li³³	60	–	miR-26b	PI3K/AKT	Rat	Serum	Trophoblast dysfunction

Abbreviations: CTRL, control; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; TXNRD1, thioredoxin reductase 1; PCK2, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase2; TP53INP1, tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 1; miRNA, microRNA; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α.