Figure 2. Model constructed based on the opposing interactions that specific factors driven by COVID-19 pandemic (shown here by areas of the geometric figures on the positive side of Y-axis) and those factors driven by the public health responses to COVID-19 pandemic (shown by the area of the geometric figures on the negative side of Y-axis) are having with the three determinants of AMR evolution.

Assumptions and designations about the effects of the specific factors on the determinants in constructing the model are: (a) no effect = 0; (b) positive effect (moderate) = 1; (c) positive effect (strong) = 2; (d) negative effect (moderate) = −1; and (e) negative effect (strong) = −2.