Table 4. Estimated intent-to-treat effects on secondary outcomes summary measures at endline, by study arm.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VE estimate | VEH estimate | VEHW estimate | VE-VEH-VEHW pooled estimate | VE estimate: extended controls | VEH estimate: extended controls | VEHW estimate: extended controls | VE-VEH-VEHW pooled estimate: extended controls | |
| Full sample | ||||||||
| Violence prevention outcomes summary index z-score | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.009 | -0.013 | 0.004 | 0.002 | -0.002 |
| 95% CI | [-0.12, 0.13] | [-0.11, 0.14] | [-0.12, 0.13] | [-0.09, 0.11] | [-0.13, 0.11] | [-0.12, 0.12] | [-0.12, 0.13] | [-0.10, 0.10] |
| Education outcomes summary index z-score | 0.175** | 0.096† | 0.108† | 0.126** | 0.146** | 0.090 | 0.100† | 0.112* |
| 95% CI | [0.07, 0.28] | [-0.02, 0.21] | [0.00, 0.22] | [0.03, 0.22] | [0.04, 0.25] | [-0.02, 0.20] | [-0.01, 0.21] | [0.02, 0.20] |
| Health outcomes summary index z-score | 0.095 | 0.187** | 0.126* | 0.136** | 0.069 | 0.167** | 0.119† | 0.119* |
| 95% CI | [-0.03, 0.22] | [0.07, 0.31] | [0.00, 0.25] | [0.04, 0.24] | [-0.05, 0.19] | [0.05, 0.28] | [0.00, 0.24] | [0.02, 0.22] |
| Wealth creation outcomes summary index z-score | 0.158* | 0.108† | 0.407*** | 0.225*** | 0.128* | 0.093 | 0.407*** | 0.210*** |
| 95% CI | [0.04, 0.28] | [-0.02, 0.23] | [0.29, 0.53] | [0.12, 0.33] | [0.01, 0.25] | [-0.03, 0.21] | [0.29, 0.52] | [0.11, 0.31] |
| Baseline 13–14-year-olds [n = 1,007] | ||||||||
| Violence prevention outcomes summary index z-score | 0.002 | -0.041 | 0.012 | -0.009 | -0.032 | -0.071 | -0.002 | -0.036 |
| 95% CI | [-0.17, 0.17] | [-0.21, 0.13] | [-0.17, 0.19] | [-0.15, 0.13] | [-0.20, 0.13] | [-0.24, 0.10] | [-0.18, 0.17] | [-0.17, 0.10] |
| Education outcomes summary index z-score | 0.243** | 0.116 | 0.159* | 0.172* | 0.220** | 0.105 | 0.139† | 0.154* |
| 95% CI | [0.09, 0.40] | [-0.05, 0.28] | [0.00, 0.32] | [0.04, 0.31] | [0.07, 0.37] | [-0.06, 0.27] | [-0.01, 0.29] | [0.02, 0.28] |
| Health outcomes summary index z-score | 0.040 | 0.183* | 0.161† | 0.128† | -0.012 | 0.141 | 0.117 | 0.082 |
| 95% CI | [-0.13, 0.21] | [0.01, 0.36] | [-0.03, 0.35] | [-0.02, 0.27] | [-0.18, 0.16] | [-0.03, 0.31] | [-0.07, 0.30] | [-0.06, 0.22] |
| Wealth creation outcomes summary index z-score | 0.198* | 0.114 | 0.367*** | 0.225** | 0.157† | 0.079 | 0.343*** | 0.193** |
| 95% CI | [0.02, 0.37] | [-0.06, 0.29] | [0.20, 0.54] | [0.08, 0.37] | [-0.02, 0.33] | [-0.10, 0.25] | [0.18, 0.51] | [0.05, 0.33] |
Notes: Sample is N = 2,075 unless otherwise indicated. The table reports the estimated ITT effect for each study arm relative to the V-only study arm measured in z-scores in columns 1–3. Column 4 pools all three intervention arms with education into a single treatment indicator. Columns 5–8 report estimated ITT effects with extended controls. Numbers in square brackets indicate 95% confidence intervals. Regressions were estimated with robust standard errors and included controls for age and the outcome measured at baseline. The extended controls regressions additionally control for baseline measures of: grade attainment, cognitive score, mother or father completing primary school, coresidence with both parents, household wealth quintile, and whether any missing baseline covariates were imputed (using area median). Z-scores are calculated separately for the full and baseline 13–14 year-old samples.
*** p<0.001,
** p<0.01,
* p<0.05,
† p<0.1.