Table 1.

Baseline demographics for participants in ta-VNS and control groups

Characteristics	ta-VNS (n = 30)	Control (n = 30)	P-value
Male	15(50)	14(47)	0.79
Age (yr)	69.2±12.3	68.3±12.1	0.48
Type of stroke (ischemic/hemorrhagic)	27/3	28/2	0.64
Days post-stroke	10.8±7.7	10.4±6.9	0.90
Handedness (right/left/ambidextrous)	27/2/1	29/0/1	0.35
Stroke hemisphere (right/left)	12/18	10/20	0.59
FMA-U	31.4±5.7	30.8±5.3	0.74
FMA-L	17.6±3.0	17.2±2.9	0.62
FMA-S	13.2±4.0	12.9±3.8	0.92
Stroke impact scale	143.1±57.2	129.7±53.2	0.06
HADS-A	10.9±1.9	11.3±2.0	0.05
HADS-D	8.3±1.4	8.5±1.5	0.43

Data are expressed as number (percentage) (male), number (type of stroke, handedness, stroke hemisphere) or mean ± SD (other data). Student’s t-test was used for continuous variables, and the Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. FMA-L: Fugl-Meyer assessment–lower extremity; FMA-S: Fugl-Meyer assessment–sensory; FMA-U: Fugl-Meyer assessment–upper extremity; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Anxiety scale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depression scale.