Table 4.

Lignans as inhibitors of TNF-α and neuroinflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases

Lignans	Source	Disease	Mechanism	IC50/dose	Model	Reference
Schisandrin A	Schisandra chinesnesis	PD	Inhibits the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6	10, 20 and 50 μM	Rat cortical cells	Song et al., 2016
Schisandrin B (Gomisin N)	Schisandra chinesnesis	PD	Suppresses the expression of NO, TNF-α, PGE-2, IL-1β and IL-6	5, 10 or 20 mM	Rat primary neuron–microglia	Zeng et al., 2012
Schisandrin B (Gomisin N)	Schisandra chinensis	PD	Decreases indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase expression, and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6	10 mg/kg/d	Mice	Sun et al., 2014
Honokiol, magnolol	Magnolia officinalis	AD	Induces NGF and BDNF secretion, inhibits TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and ROS levels, and increases Akt activity	100, 50, 10, and 1 μM	PC12 cells	Hoi et al., 2010

AD: Alzheimer’s disease; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; NGF: nerve growth factor; PD: Parkinson’s disease; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNFR: tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor.