Additional Table 1.

Differentiation, culture conditions, and clinical functions of three kinds of stem cells

Stem cell	Type of differentiated cells	Specific culture condition	Clinical function	References
Embryonic stem cells	Motor neuron, dopaminergic neuron, cholinergic neuron, oligodendrocyte, gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons, Schwann cells, glutaminergic neurons	Retinoic acid, Sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor 8, astrocyte, insulin, fibroblast growth factor 2, dibutylcyclic adenylate, neuromodulin 1β, N2 supplement, basic fibrobast growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease	Dekmak et al., 2018; Glicksman, 2018; Sugaya and Vaidya, 2018
Induced pluripotent stem cells	Astrocyte, neurons, microglia, iPS-ML/NEP2	mTeSr medium, N2B27, B27 without vitamin A and heparin, β-mercaptoethanol, Glutamax, penicillin, streptomycin	Alzheimer’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease	Vatine et al., 2019; Kolagar et al., 2020; Pong et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020
Mesenchymal stem cells	Neurons, neuroectodermal like cells, astrocytes dimethyl sulfoxide, basic fibrobast growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, low lever laser therapy, astragaloside, danshansu, ligustrazine	All-trans retinoic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral palsy in children, stroke	Spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s	Davidoff, 2019; Ross et al., 2019; Tsai et al., 2021