. 2021 Sep 14;38(19):2634–2651. doi: 10.1089/neu.2021.0053

Table 5.

Pre-Clinical and Clinical Data on Inhaled NO in TBI

Inhaled gas study	Concentration	Time after injury (duration)	Mode of injury	Subject	Outcomes assessed	Findings
Nitric oxide¹¹⁰	Inhaled 50 ppm in 30% O₂, 70% air	10 min (24 h)	Controlled cortical impact (severe)	Mice	Pericontusional Injury	Improved NSS outcome, reduced contusion volume/ICP, improved rCBF
Nitric oxide¹¹⁷	Inhaled 10 ppm in 30% oxygen 70% nitrogen	Immediately post-TBI (4 h or 8 h)	Weight drop (mild)	Mice	Cerebral cortex, hippocampus Injury	Improved short term memory, reduced microglia/astrocyte activation
Nitric oxide¹¹⁸	Inhaled 30 ppm (males), 20 ppm (females)	30 min, 2 h (1.5 h)	Fluid percussion injury (2 atm; moderate)	Pigs	Hippocampus injury	Reduced neuronal necrosis, protected cerebral autoregulation
Nitric oxide¹¹⁹	Inhaled 30 ppm (males), 20 ppm (females)	2 h (1.5 h)	Fluid percussion injury (1.9-2.3 atm; moderate)	Pigs	Pericontusional injury	Preservation of pial artery dilatation to cromakalin, NS1619, PGE2
Nitric oxide¹³⁰	Inhaled 20 ppm	7 days (several days^*)	Motor vehicle accident	Human (37 years old)	N/A^**	Decreased ICP from 50 mm Hg to 15 mm Hg. Discharged to rehabilitation center on Day 34 with amnesia, right hemiparesis, cognitive deficits
Nitric oxide¹²⁹	Inhaled 10 ppm	1 day (22 days—gradual wean)	Fall from 10 meters	Human (37 years old)	N/A^**	Stable head CT
Nitric oxide¹²⁷	Inhaled 10 ppm	4 days (not reported)	Moto vehicle accident	Human (10 years old)	N/A^**	Discharged to rehabilitation facility on Day 14 with Glasgow Outcome Score: 4

^{^*}

Exact length of inhaled NO administration was not reported. ^**These studies were focused on targeting respiratory complications and not brain injury.

TBI, traumatic brain injury; NSS, Neurological Severity Score; ICP, intracranial pressure; rCBF, relative cerebral blood flow as measured by laser doppler fluxmetry; PGE2, prostaglandin E 2; N/A, not applicable; CT, computed tomography.