Figure 1.

Directionality of the associations between bedsharing and presence of maternal depressive symptoms. Parentheses indicate 95% confidence intervals; non-significant paths indicated by the dotted lines.^a,b

Note. OR: Odds Ratio; RRR: Relative Risk Ratio. Adjusted logistic and multinomial mixed-effects models tested bidirectional longitudinal associations. Robust clusters were used to control for repeated measures across subjects. Models adjusted for maternal perception of an infant sleep problem, breastfeeding exclusivity and duration, infant activity level, infant distress to limitations, study intervention group, and visit.

^at is the timepoint preceding time t+1

^bDefined as a score ≥16 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, measured at each visit.

*p<0.05; dotted line: p≥0.05