Table 4.
Association between male adherence to the different dietary patterns (according to quartiles of distribution) and semen quality parameters.a
| Seminogram parameters [Number of men (n=343)/Number of semen samples (n=896)] |
Semen volume (mL) |
Total sperm count (million) b |
Sperm concentration (million/mL) b |
Motile spermatozoa (%) |
Progressively motile spermatozoa (%) |
Normal sperm morphology (%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMD | Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | −0.03 (−0.38, 0.33) | 0.14 (−0.49, 0.78) | 0.15 (−0.48, 0.78) | 3.99 (−2.40, 10.38) | 1.26 (−2.87, 5.39) | 0.06 (−0.86, 0.98) | |
| Q3 | −0.04 (−0.42, 0.33) | 0.01 (−0.66, 0.68) | 0 (−0.67, 0.66) | 2.02 (−4.73, 8.77) | 0.72 (−3.67, 5.11) | 0.25 (−0.71, 1.22) | |
| Q4 | −0.25 (−0.59, 0.10) | 0.02 (−0.59, 0.63) | 0.11 (−0.50, 0.72) | −0.78 (−6.96, 5.41) | −0.12 (−4.11,3.88) | −0.01 (−0.89, 0.87) | |
| P trend | 0.175 | 0.976 | 0.810 | 0.727 | 0.915 | 0.940 | |
| AMD | Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | −0.06 (−0.41, 0.30) | 0.29 (−0.35, 0.92) | 0.32 (−0.31, 0.95) | 6.76 (0.38, 13.13) | 3.10 (−1.04, 7.24) | −0.15 (−1.07, 0.77) | |
| Q3 | −0.11 (−0.55, 0.32) | 0.49 (−0.27, 1.25) | 0.51 (−0.25, 1.27) | 4.43 (−3.28, 12.14) | 2.81 (−2.21, 7.82) | 0.28 (−0.83, 1.39) | |
| Q4 | −0.15 (−0.55, 0.25) | 0.21 (−0.49, 0.92) | 0.26 (−0.44, 0.96) | 3.07 (−4.05, 10.19) | 2.41 (−2.20, 7.03) | 0.25 (−0.77, 1.28) | |
| P trend | 0.434 | 0.578 | 0.505 | 0.788 | 0.476 | 0.421 | |
| PMD | Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | −0.04 (−0.40, 0.32) | −0.20 (−0.84, 0.45) | −0.15 (−0.79, 0.50) | 0.38 (−6.15, 6.91) | 0.97 (−3.23, 5.18) | 0.35 (−0.57, 1.28) | |
| Q3 | 0.10 (−0.26, 0.47) | −0.42 (−1.08, 0.24) | −0.47 (−1.12, 0.19) | −4.44 (−11.10, 2.23) | −1.50 (−5.81,2.82) | −0.11 (−1.06, 0.84) | |
| Q4 | −0.20 (−0.57, 0.18) | −0.21 (−0.87, 0.46) | −0.11 (−0.77, 0.55) | −1.13 (−7.89, 5.63) | 0.46 (−3.91, 4.82) | 0.70 (−0.26, 1.65) | |
| P trend | 0.466 | 0.430 | 0.535 | 0.432 | 0.856 | 0.304 | |
| HEI | Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | −0.26 (−0.63, 0.10) | −0.43 (−1.07, 0.22) | −0.36 (−1.00, 0.29) | −4.50 (−11.00, 2.00) | −2.28 (−6.48, 1.92) | −0.52 (−1.45, 0.41) | |
| Q3 | −0.04 (−0.41, 0.33) | −0.01 (−0.66, 0.64) | −0.05 (−0.70, 0.60) | 0.95 (−5.64, 7.53) | −0.47 (−3.79, 4.73) | −0.04 (−0.98, 0.90) | |
| Q4 | −0.21 (−0.56, 0.15) | −0.32 (−0.95, 0.31) | −0.27 (−0.90, 0.35) | −4.18 (−10.53, 2.17) | −1.48 (−5.58, 2.61) | −0.12 (−1.03, 0.79) | |
| P trend | 0.476 | 0.571 | 0.599 | 0.462 | 0.776 | 0.934 | |
| AHEI | Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | 0.14 (−0.23, 0.51) | 0.30 (−0.36, 0.96) | 0.21 (−0.45, 0.87) | 4.12 (−2.57, 10.80) | 2.43 (−1.86, 6.73) | 0.48 (−0.47, 1.44) | |
| Q3 | 0.14 (−0.23, 0.50) | 0.27 (−0.38, 0.92) | 0.19 (−0.46, 0.84) | 2.95 (−3.63, 9.52) | 1.56 (−2.66, 5.78) | 0.37 (−0.56, 1.30) | |
| Q4 | 0.09 (−0.27, 0.45) | −0.11 (−0.75, 0.54) | −0.17 (−0.81, 0.47) | 0.09 (−6.43, 6.62) | 0.54 (−3.67, 4.75) | 0.18 (−0.75, 1.12) | |
| P trend | 0.676 | 0.672 | 0.561 | 0.869 | 0.949 | 0.798 | |
| AHA | Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | −0.20 (−0.57, 0.18) | −0.16 (−0.83, 0.50) | −0.10 (−0.76, 0.56) | 5.20 (−1.47, 11.88) | 2.27 (−2.03, 6.57) | 0.77 (−0.19, 1.72) | |
| Q3 | 0.02 (−0.33, 0.38) | −0.14 (−0.78, 0.49) | −0.21 (−0.85, 0.42) | −1.08 (−7.48, 5.32) | −1.15 (−5.29, 2.98) | 0.40 (−0.51, 1.31) | |
| Q4 | −0.07 (−0.42, 0.28) | −0.12 (−0.75, 0.50) | −0.12 (−0.74, 0.51) | 0.66 (−5.66, 6.98) | 0.81 (−3.29, 4.90) | 0.17 (−0.73, 1.08) | |
| P trend | 0.974 | 0.724 | 0.654 | 0.739 | 0.929 | 0.870 | |
| DASH | Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | −0.08 (−0.44, 0.28) | 0.18 (−0.45, 0.82) | 0.22 (−0.41, 0.86) | −1.89 (−8.35, 4.57) | −1.73 (−5.88, 2.42) | 0.09 (−0.82, 1.01) | |
| Q3 | 0.03 (−0.33, 0.40) | 0.00 (−0.64, 0.65) | 0.01 (−0.63, 0.65) | 0.02 (−6.50, 6.55) | 0.57 (−3.66, 4.80) | 0.55 (−0.39, 1.48) | |
| Q4 | −0.14 (−0.49, 0.22) | 0.00 (−0.63, 0.63) | 0.06 (−0.57, 0.69) | −2.83 (−9.22, 3.56) | −1.57 (−5.68, 2.54) | 0.03 (−0.88, 0.95) | |
| P trend | 0.586 | 0.896 | 0.997 | 0.506 | 0.676 | 0.714 | |
| PBD | Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | −0.04 (−0.40, 0.32) | −0.02 (−0.66, 0.63) | −0.01 (−0.66, 0.63) | −1.74 (−8.29, 4.81) | 0.00 (−4.22, 4.22) | 0.28 (−0.65, 1.20) | |
| Q3 | 0.14 (−0.22, 0.50) | −0.49 (−1.12, 0.15) | −0.56 (−1.19, 0.07) | −1.64 (−8.10, 4.82) | −0.49 (−4.68, 3.70) | 0.36 (−0.57, 1.29) | |
| Q4 | −0.18 (−0.54, 0.19) | −0.39 (−1.04, 0.26) | −0.34 (−0.99, 0.32) | −4.40 (−11.02, 2.22) | −1.10 (−5.38, 3.17) | 0.06 (−0.90, 1.01) | |
| P trend | 0.569 | 0.129 | 0.152 | 0.223 | 0.595 | 0.842 |
Data are presented as mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Analyses were run using generalized linear mixed models (proc mixed) with repeated intercepts.
a
Fully adjusted model: Age, BMI, calories, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, smoking, race, and sexual abstinence.
b
Log transformed data.
c
P<0.05 for comparison of specific quartile versus quartile 1 (reference).
Abbreviations: AHA, American Heart Association diet recommendations; AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; AMD, Alternate Mediterranean diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; n, sample size; PBD, Plant-based diet; PMD, Panagiotakos Mediterranean diet; Q, quartile; TMD, Trichopoulou Mediterranean diet.