Appendix B.

CFA for parental stress. A shows the CFA at the first time point, child age 30 months, B at 36 months, and C at 42 months. The fixed factor method of coding was used for each model, as this approach explicitly recognizes that the metric of the latent variable is arbitrary. Therefore, the variance of the construct is fixed to 1 so that the estimated latent factor relations can thereby be estimated in a standardized metric. ***. denotes significance at p < 0.001. CHAOS refers to the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale²⁶.