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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2022 Jan 7;160:107078. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107078

Table 1.

Characteristics of CANDLE mother-child dyads (n=1018).

Characteristics (continuous) Mean±SD N (%)
Maternal age (years) 26.4±5.5
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) 27.9±7.7
Gestational age at Visit 1 (V1; weeks) 23.0±3.0
Gestational age at Visit 2 (V2; weeks) 31.8±1.7
Change in gestational age (V2-V1; weeks) 8.9±7.3
Maternal Childhood Traumatic Life Events 0.53±0.8
 Physical punishment 82 (8.1)
 Exposure to family violence 277 (27.2)
 Sexual abuse 184 (18.1)
Characteristics (categorical)
Maternal race/ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic White 326 (32.0)
 Non-Hispanic Black 625 (61.4)
 Hispanic 67 (6.6)
Highest level of maternal education
 <High School 107 (10.5)
 High School/GED/Technical School 572 (56.2)
 College or Higher 339 (33.3)
Nulliparous 436 (39.9)
Cotinine detected in V1 urine 65 (6.4)
Cotinine detected in V2 urine 101 (9.9)
Gestational diabetes 59 (5.8)
Gestational hypertension 102 (10.0)
Fetal sex- female 510 (49.9)