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. 2021 Jan 29;86(1):66–86. doi: 10.1007/s00426-020-01467-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Unique and shared variance of valence ratings by musical cue. Individual bars depict cue weights calculated for each group of participants for experiment 1 (Y = musically trained, N = untrained). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Attack rate uniquely explains more variance for those without musical training and modality explains a large majority of variance for those with musical training, although specific contributions vary (colour figure online)