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. 2022 Jan 25;12:781100. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781100

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Copyright © 2022 Suhre, Sarwath, Engelke, Sohail, Cho, Whalen, Alvarez-Mulett, Krumsiek, Choi and Schmidt

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heatmap and STRING analysis of the 14 most stringent and replicated proteins in all 5 studies are shown. (A) 13 of the 253 proteins showed similar significantly increased and decreased levels in COVID-19 patients. (B) proteins were further used for STRING protein interaction analysis and compounds of interest are highlighted. The proteins highlighted in purple are known to be involved in general IFN gamma cell responses to external stimuli by pathogens (e.g., viruses or bacteria: GO:0071346). Proteins highlighted in green (e.g., CCL2=MCP-1, CCL7=MCP-3, CCL8=MCP-2, CXCL10=INP10, are proteins known to be elevated in blood after infection for example with M. tuberculosis (28). Proteins in red are associated with influenza A infection (hsa05164) and blue with the IL17 signaling (hsa04657). Significance levels are indicated by ‘**‘ (p<0.05/253/5 = 4x10-5, Bonferroni level), ‘*‘ (p<0.05/116 = 0.00043, replication level, as there were 116 Bonferroni significant associations), “. “ (p<0.05, nominal significance).