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. 2022 Feb 7;12:2019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05848-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of EVs on HIV-1 infected neurospheres. Differentiated neurospheres were exposed to dual-tropic HIV-1 89.6 with or without cART (lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, indinavir) for a period of fourteen days. Additionally, the HIV-1 + cART treated samples were treated with either iPSC, MSC, or A549 EVs at an approximate ratio of 1:250 (recipient cell to EV ratio). (a) Western blot was performed on neurosphere lysates to evaluate the relative expression of PARP-1, Caspase-3, and BAD. (b) Western blot was performed on neurosphere supernatants to evaluate the relative expression of TNFα, IL-8, and IL-1β.